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1
Q

What is prevention paradox?

A

An intervention that brings moderate benefits to individuals but has large population benefits

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2
Q

What is a civic mindset?

A

Ones interest in their culture and community.

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3
Q

What is optimism bias

A

A mistaken belief that our chances of experiencing negative events are lower than those of our peers

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4
Q

What is psychological reactance

A

The unpleasant arousal that an individual experiences when asked to follow orders that they believe to infringe on their personal choices

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5
Q

What is hegemonic masculinity?

A

The ideal concept of of being a man.

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6
Q

What is anti intellectualism

A

Generalised distrust of experts and intellectuals

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7
Q

How can you apply conspiracy theories about mask wearing to the theory of planned behaviour model?

A

They negatively impact our attitudes towards face masks.
By wearing a face mask, someone may fell a reduction in their perceived behavioural control.
If face cover wearing is low, it can be deemed as a subjective norm
(all making it less likely to wear a face mask)

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8
Q

What is automatic motivation?

A

The immediate compulsion to fulfil or adhere to a behaviour (guided by our desires, impulses, and inhibitions)

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9
Q

What is evaluative conditioning? E,g with mask wearing

A

Attitude formation or change toward an object due to that objects mere occurrence with another valanced object/objects. E.g showing a celebrity wearing a face mask, or putting popular branding on them

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10
Q

What is meant by ‘rule utilitarianism’

A

There are rules on how we achieve the good, as opposed to ‘the ends justify the means’

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11
Q

What is an externality in health economics?

A

They occur when producing or consuming a good causes an impact on third parties not directly related to the transaction. Can be good or bad.

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12
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

The direct protection experienced by unvaccinated individuals from the presence of immune individuals in a population.

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13
Q

Example of SI model

A

(Susceptible, infectious)

HIV

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14
Q

Example of SIS model

A

(Susceptible, after becoming infectious)

COLD

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15
Q

Example of SIR model

A

(Susceptible, infectious, recover)

INFLUENZA

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16
Q

What is a deterministic model?

A

Describe what happens on average in a population

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17
Q

What is a stochastic model?

A

A model that provides a range of values, good for uncertainty.

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18
Q

What is the force of infection?

A

The rate at which susceptible people become infected (per unit of time)

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19
Q

What is the basic reproduction number? (R0)

A

Average number of secondary infectious persons resulting from one infectious person following introduction into a totally susceptible population.

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20
Q

What is the net reproduction number?

A

The average number of secondary infectious persons resulting from one infectious person in a given population

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21
Q

Which model is good for long duration events?

A

Markov model

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22
Q

Which model is best for chance events, and short duration events?

A

Decision trees

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23
Q

What is an economic evaluation?

A

A comparative analysis of the alternative interventions in terms of their costs and effects

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24
Q

What is an incremental analysis?

A

What is the difference in cost ad effects of intervention A compared with intervention B?

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25
How is a Cost effectiveness analysis measured, and used?
Actual health change, for example life years lost. Used when comparing interventions that affect the same health outcome.
26
How Is Cost Utility analysis measured, and used?
Measured with QALY’s and used for when comparing interventions where heath outcome is different.
27
How is Cost – benefit analysis measured?
Monetary valuation
28
How do you control parameter uncertainty in economic evaluations?
Sensitivity analysis
29
What are the socio-economic disparities with infectious diseases?
Higher rates of underlying co morbidities | Lack of control in employment, housing, etc.
30
What are the three domains of public health?
health improvement, Health protection, Health, and social care quality
31
What do epidemiologist’ s do in public health? (DDIE)
Discover agent, determine importance, and causes of illness, identify, those affected, and evaluate effectiveness of programmes.
32
What are the immediate control measures for infection disease outbreak?
``` Prophylaxis Isolation Public warnings Hygiene warmings Withdrawal of products ```
33
What do the HSA do? – (who do they respond to)
Individual cases of infections, investigations of an outbreak, chemical incidence planning and management, and port health. They also give PH advice and teach and train others.
34
What are the stages of emergency response? (PP,RR)
Prevention, Preparedness, response, recovery.
35
Strategies for responding to COVID- 19
Containment- Aims to eliminate community transmission Suppression- minimize community infections Mitigation- Avoid overwhelming healthcare
36
What are the aims of surveillance?
1. Access public health status (measure burden of disease, identify emerging problems) 2. Evaluate public health programmes (existing interventions) 3. Inform research (generate hypothesis) 4. Define public health priorities
37
What is the chain of infection order?
1. Infectious agent 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of exit 4. Mode of transmission 5. Portal of entry 6. Susceptible host
38
What are Upshurs principles?
1. It is acceptable to limit liberty if preventing harm 2. Least coercive means as possible 3. Reciprocity 4. Transparency (communicated free from politics)
39
What are the other alternatives to coercive measures?
Incentives, disincentives, nudging
40
What’s the difference between the face masks, and their types of protection?
Visors – Protection from splashes and sprays Surgical face masks – protection against droplets and splashes FFP- Respiratory filtering face piece – protects against aerosols
41
How have pathogens emerged as pandemics?
1. Global travel 2. Urbanisation 3. Climate change 4. Increased human and animal contact 5. Healthcare workers shortage
42
Discuss a cohort study
It is used when you are aware of the population. A group of people exposed to the same thing are followed over a period of time, and then you can compare their incidence rates with an unexposed group. This will give you a relative risk ratio, which is the ratio of exposed and unexposed attack rates (proportion of people who will become ill)
43
Discuss a case control study
It is used when you dot gave a defined population,. A control group, an he cases are compared on who was exposed and who wasn't. This gives you an odds ratio, which gives you a measure of association between the exposure and an outcome, comparing the odds of weather the exposure makes a difference on outcome. With this study you cant calculate risk, because you don't have the denominator.
44
What is the estimated death toll of covid 19?
3-4 million
45
When was the last case of small pox reported?
1977
46
What is the R number for covid?
2-3
47
What is the herd immunity threshold for: Small pox, measles, and covid
Small pox - 80-85% Measles - 93- 95 % Covid - 50 - 70%
48
What is a herd immunity threshold?
The fraction of people who must be immune to prevent the spread of a virus
49
What is the 3 C's model, and how can you apply it to vaccinations?
Complacency - low perceived risk, not a priority Confidence - Beliefs, and trusts in vaccines or government ect Convenience - Barriers such as geographical, accessibility, affordability
50
What is omission bias?
Our tendency to react more strongly to harmful actions, than harmful inactions.
51
What is a fear appeal?
A mechanism of persuasive messaging that attempts to arouse fear by emphasising potential harm that will befall individuals.
52
What is vaccine hesitancy
The delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services (entails a continuum covering a rage of attitudes towards vaccines)
53
Which advertisement mechanism worked on vaccine hesitant people?
Personal benefit information
54
How many deaths could be avoided if the vaccine was distributed to all countries proportionally?
61%
55
What is hygiene theatre?
Where you participate in a preventative measure, that has minimal impact.
56
In the ecological approach, what is a macrosystem, mesosystem, and individual levels of response?
Macro - government, beliefs, cultures. Meso - Family and friend pressures Individual - Cognitive predictors
57
What are the key features of COVID behaviours?
Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, attitude towards actions, and control
58
What were the risk factors for poor mental health during the COVID pandemic?
Women, being at the epicentre of the outbreak, being younger, poor housing and caregiving, previous history of poor mental health, in quarantine.
59
Define eradication, elimination, and control
Eradication - Permanent reduction to zero worldwide incidence. Elimination - reduction to zero of infection in a defined geographical area, with minimal risk of reintroduction. (continued action needed to prevent) Control - Reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity to an acceptable level.
60
Define elimination as a public health problem
Reduction of infection and disease to a measurable targets, set by the WHO
61
What is the core strategic interventons foe WHO roadmao 2020 - 2030?
WASH, Preventative chemotherapy, vector control, vetinary public health, and case management
62
What is sensitivity?
The true positive rates, the proportion of people who ARE positive, that test positive.
63
What is specificity?
The True negative rates, the proportion of people who ARE negative, that test negative.
64
When disease incidence is low, what must you have?
A high specificity
65
What has had a major impact in NTD's?
Political instability, climate change, antimicrobial, insecticide resistance, and zoonoses.
66
What is microbial biotechnology?
Application of engineering principles to the processing of materials by microorganisms to create useful products
67
Examples of bio agents in hazard group 1
E coli, foot and mouth disease
68
Examples of group 2 hazard bio agents
Influenza, salmonella, cholera
69
Examples of hazard group 3 agents
TB, malaria, covid, hiv
70
Examples of agents in group 4 hazard group
Ebola, foot and mouth disease (in animals)
71
What features if a containment lab are t needed in level 1?
There is not restricted access, you dont have to have a safety cabinet, you dont need written training records
72
What does level 3 hazard group need to have in a containment lab that isn't needed in others?
Needs to be sealable for fumigation, have dedicated equipment, have cctv, and negative air pressure
73
Pregnant women are offered blood tests for which 3 infectious diseases?
Hepatitis B, HIV, syphilis
74
What are the 4 risk groups for GI infections?
A Doubtful personal hygiene B Children under 5 C Food handlers D clinical, social care workers
75
What is point prevalence, and what is an example?
The proportion of individuals with a condition at a specified point in time (currently 2% of the world has covid)
76
What is period prevalence? Give an example
The proportion of individuals with the condition at any time, during a time interval. (3% of people suffer with flu each month)
77
What is lifetime prevalence, and give an example
The proportion of individuals with the condition at any point in their life (70% of people born today, will duffer from flu at some point during their life)

Infection (2 decks)

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