health

Question 1

What is a culture-bound syndrome?

Answer 1

A combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms considered a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture.

Question 2

What ailments does ‘Bughat’ or ‘Binat’ refer to?

Answer 2

Ailments experienced by a mother after childbirth or abortion due to not following certain rituals.

Symptoms include headache, chills, body pains, malaise, dizziness, muscle weakness, and in some cases, blindness.

Question 3

List some forbidden activities after childbirth in the context of ‘Bughat’ or ‘Binat’.

Answer 3

• Taking a bath immediately after giving birth
• Taking a bath in cold water
• Exposing oneself to cold air
• Opening one’s legs or crossing them
• Going up and down the stairs
• Eating coconut or coconut-based food
• Drinking cold water
• Walking around
• Reading a book
• Sewing
• Not taking a first bath with a 7-leaves concoction
• Carrying heavy objects
• Getting a manicure or pedicure
• Going hungry or missing meals

Question 4

What is traditional medicine?

Answer 4

Medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within various societies before modern medicine.

Question 5

How does the World Health Organization define traditional medicine?

Answer 5

“The sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures.”

Question 6

What is traditional healing?

Answer 6

Health practices incorporating First Nations healing and wellness using ceremonies, medicines, and physical techniques.

Question 7

Who first codified Greek Medicine?

Answer 7

The Greek philosopher-physician Hippocrates in the 4th century B.C.E.

Question 8

What is Unani Medicine?

Answer 8

The Islamic world’s term for Greek Medicine, meaning ‘Ionian’ or Greek.

Question 9

What is alternative medicine?

Answer 9

Practices that claim healing effects but do not originate from scientific evidence or biomedicine.

Question 10

What are some examples of alternative medicine?

Answer 10

• Homeopathy
• Naturopathy
• Chiropractic
• Energy medicine
• Acupuncture
• Traditional Chinese medicine
• Ayurvedic medicine
• Christian faith healing

Question 11

What does the term ‘human right to health’ encompass?

Answer 11

The right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, including access to medical services, sanitation, food, housing, and a clean environment.

Question 12

What are the two components of the right to health?

Answer 12

• Freedoms: Control over one’s health and body
• Entitlements: Access to health protection systems

Question 13

Define social desirables.

Answer 13

Personality traits making an individual acceptable in social relations, related to social approval and popularity.

Question 14

What is social mobility?

Answer 14

Movement of individuals or groups within or between social strata in a society.

Question 15

What are the two types of social mobility?

Answer 15

• Intergenerational mobility
• Intra-generational mobility

Question 16

What does absolute social mobility refer to?

Answer 16

The overall numbers of people ending up in a different layer of stratification from that of their parents.

Question 17

What is the difference between absolute and relative social mobility?

Answer 17

• Absolute: Total observed movement of people between classes
• Relative: Chance of upward or downward movement compared to other classes

Question 18

List types of capital that enable social mobility.

Answer 18

• Economic capital
• Cultural capital
• Human capital
• Social capital

Question 19

What characterizes an open class system?

Answer 19

Hierarchical social status achieved through effort and allows for mobility based on individual achievements.

Question 20

What is achieved status?

Answer 20

A position gained based on merit or achievement in an open system.

Question 21

What is ascribed status?

Answer 21

A status based on who a person is, not what they can do, often fixed at birth.

Question 22

What is a closed system of mobility?

Answer 22

A system where norms prescribe mobility, emphasizing the associative character of hierarchy.

Question 23

What characterizes a closed system of mobility?

Answer 23

Norms prescribe mobility and discourage change

Individuals are assigned their place based on ascriptive criteria like age, birth, and sex

Question 24

What is an example of a closed stratification system?

Answer 24

Traditional caste system in India

This system limits mobility and is based on ascriptive status

Question 25

In an open system, how are individuals assigned to different positions in the social structure?

Answer 25

Based on merit or achievement ## Footnote This leads to occupational diversity and a flexible hierarchy

Question 26

What values dominate an open stratification system?

Answer 26

Equality and freedom of the individual ## Footnote Emphasizes change and innovation

Question 27

What factors contributed to the Caribbean's shift from a closed to an open system of mobility?

Answer 27

Political independence, transformation of the economy, availability of education ## Footnote These factors made social mobility accessible to everyone

Question 28

What are the three types of stratification systems?

Answer 28

Caste systems, estate systems, social class systems ## Footnote Listed in descending order of rigidity

Question 29

What distinguishes estate systems exemplified in feudal Europe?

Answer 29

Categories such as nobility, clergy, bourgeoisie, craftsmen, and peasants ## Footnote Each category has different levels of power and prestige

Question 30

What are the two main ways to measure social inequality?

Answer 30

Inequality of conditions and inequality of opportunities ## Footnote Each measures different aspects of social inequality

Question 31

What does inequality of conditions refer to?

Answer 31

Unequal distribution of income, wealth, and material goods ## Footnote Example: disparity in housing conditions

Question 32

What does inequality of opportunities refer to?

Answer 32

Unequal distribution of life chances across individuals ## Footnote Example: access to education and health status

Question 33

What are the two main theories of social inequality in sociology?

Answer 33

Functionalist theory and conflict theory ## Footnote Each offers a different perspective on the causes and implications of inequality

Question 34

According to functionalist theorists, why is inequality considered desirable?

Answer 34

It plays an important function in society and leads to a meritocracy ## Footnote Important positions require more training and thus higher rewards

Question 35

How do conflict theorists view social inequality?

Answer 35

As a result of power dynamics where dominant groups repress less powerful groups ## Footnote They argue this hinders societal progress

Question 36

What are the three dimensions sociologists study to understand social inequality?

Answer 36

Structural conditions, ideological supports, social reforms ## Footnote Each dimension contributes to understanding the nature and impact of inequality

Question 37

What is the definition of innovation?

Answer 37

A new idea, device, or method that applies better solutions to meet needs ## Footnote Innovation differs from invention in its application and effectiveness

Question 38

What is the difference between innovation and improvement?

Answer 38

Innovation involves doing something different, while improvement means doing the same thing better ## Footnote Both are important concepts in business and technology

Question 39

What are some examples of innovations in railroad equipment?

Answer 39

Wood to steel cars, iron to steel rails, gas lighting to electric lighting ## Footnote These innovations improved safety and efficiency in passenger services

Question 40

What is diffusion in the context of cultural knowledge?

Answer 40

A social process through which cultural knowledge spreads from one social system to another ## Footnote Involves borrowing cultural elements rather than independent invention

Question 41

What conditions are necessary for diffusion to operate on a substantial scale?

Answer 41

Separate societies with distinctive ways of life must be in contact ## Footnote This allows for substantial cultural borrowing

Question 42

What is cultural borrowing?

Answer 42

The process by which elements of one culture are adopted by another culture ## Footnote Cultural borrowing is influenced by social interactions and conditions that allow for such exchanges.

Question 43

When did the conditions for substantial cultural borrowing likely develop?

Answer 43

Late in the evolutionary process ## Footnote This implies that cultural borrowing became significant after certain societal advancements.

Question 44

What are the two primary ways culture has grown?

Answer 44

* Invention * Diffusion ## Footnote Invention refers to the creation of new cultural elements, while diffusion is the spread of existing elements across cultures.

Question 45

How did culture grow initially?

Answer 45

Mostly as the result of invention ## Footnote Early cultural growth was primarily driven by new inventions before diffusion became significant.

Question 46

What happened as societies became differentiated?

Answer 46

Large-scale diffusion of traits became possible ## Footnote Differentiation refers to the development of distinct social structures and practices.

Question 47

What has happened to the rate of culture growth in modern times, particularly in the Western world?

Answer 47

It has become overwhelming ## Footnote This indicates a rapid increase in cultural traits and exchanges in contemporary society.

Question 48

Fill in the blank: Culture has grown through a combination of _______ and diffusion.

Answer 48

[invention]