Health Flashcards
(31 cards)
List types of animal disease (pathogenic)
- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Protozoa/Protists
- Fungi
- Multicellular organisms
- Prions
List types of animal disease (Non-Pathogenic)
- Nutritional
- Cancer
- Heart Disease
- Genetic diseases
- Pain
Define health/healthy?
An Animal free of physical and mental illness, injury and pain.
List factors that determine the health of an animal.
- Breathing
- Body parts connected and in a normal stance
- Diet
- Appearance, coat or fur (clean, patches)
- Skin appearance
- Behaviour (mental, social and physical)
List the factors that you must consider when assessing an animals health.
- Breed
- Sex
- Reproductive status
- Season
- Nutrition
- It is species specific
Name some factors that are taken into consideration when assessing mammalian health?
- Coat in good condition
- Eyes, open, no discharge, swollen or crustiness
- Faeces, in perfect condition
- Breathing not laboured or noisy
- no visible lesions or injuries
- Appetite, normal diet e.g. Not eating grass or not normal foods
- Behaviour not lethargic, weak or unwell
- free of ectoparasites
Name some factors that are taken into consideration in assessing avian health.
- feathers, in good condition
- wings not drooping
- Eyes, open, no discharge, swollen or cloudiness
- No soiling of feathers
- Beak not overgrown or deformed
- Behaviour, not lethargic or lack of energy
- Nostrils no discharge or discolouration
- Breathing not laboured or noisy
- No visible lesions or injuries
Name the factors that are taken into consideration when assessing reptilian health.
- Skin subtle, no wrinkles, free of bites
- Eyes, open, no discharge, swollen or cloudiness
- Faeces, normal consistency and expelling
- Nostrils, no discharge or discolouration
- Breathing, not laboured or noisy
- No visible lesions or injuries
- Normal appetite, eating frequently and correctly
- Adequate body condition
- Behaviour, not lethargic weak or lacking of energy
- Free of mites, ectoparasites
Name the factors that must be considered when assessing the health of a fish.
- Skin/scales, flat and colourful
- Fins, good condition, no injuries or rotten
- Free of ectoparasites
- Eyes open, no discharge, swollen or crusty
- Breathing, not laboured or noisy
- Appetite, normal eating frequently, adequate food
- body condition, adequate
- Behaviour normal
Physical signs of health or illness
- Body condition score/weight
- Temp, heart rate, pulse, blood pressure
- Behaviour
- Blood chemistry
- Parasites present
- Nutrient deficiencies
Describe the factors of body condition?
- allows comparisons between healthy and unhealthy
- method is simple, consistent
- scores indicate the health condition of the animal
- can measure the amount of body fat of the animal
Define body temperature and how it impacts of the health of an animal (endothermic/ectotherms).
Body temperature is the recorded heat expelled from the body, allowing metabolism reactions to occur.
Endotherms- warm blooded, produces their own heat, e.g. Shivering or increased metabolism
Ectotherms- cold blooded, regulates body temp based on external sources,
- poilkilotherms, snakes changing temp
- homeotherms, fish constant temp
Hibernation
State of inactivity due to lowered metabolism in animals.
This allows animals to sleep through the winter months that are too cold to live through.
What is short-term hibernation known as?
Hibernation, usually over night
- can be due to food shortages
Why can body temperature vary?
Due to species specific temperature. This depends on animal size, health and metabolic function, for example rabbit average body temp is 38-39 degrees where a horse is 37-38 degree.
The temperature also depends on where the temperature is taken from, e.g. Anus, eat or mouth.
Why is heart rate and breathing rate important in physical signs of health in an animal?
Heart rate and breathing rate is specific for each individual species, heart and breathing rates can illustrate the oxygen and work rate of the animal. Heart rate varies depending of level of activity and size of animal e.g. Mouse 600bpm and horse 8-15bpm. The breathing rate can also detect if anything is not working properly indicating any respiratory issues, e.g. Mouse 160 breaths/min, dog 8-16 breaths/min.
What are the components of blood?
- erythrocytes, red blood cells
- leucocytes, white blood cells
- platelets, clotting
- plasma, water
- serum, plasma without clotting
What can he’s global be used for?
- determine oxygen carrying ability
- protein activity
What can be used to determine the total erythrocyte volume?
Haematocirt- automated analyser
PCV- packed cell volume
Factors that affect erythrocytes.
- age
- sex
- habitat
- season
- reproductive status
- nutrition
- exercise
Two main groups of leucocytes
- phagocytes
- lymphocytes
Define disease
Any abnormal condition affecting an animal.
List the two types of phagocytes and describe how they work?
Monocytes- engulf dead cells and activate other immunological cells, no granules
Granulocytes- they vary as there are three types but, work similar as they engulf dead cells, have granules
List the three types of granulocytes and there function?
Neutrophils- bacterial defence, early inflammatory defence. E.g. Wound sites and pus
Eosinophils- macroscopic defence, hypersensitive reactions allergies
Basophil- hypersensitive reaction, regulate T cell activity.
