Health Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
What is health?
A
The state of physical and mental wellbeing
2
Q
What is a communicable disease?
A
As infectious disease that involve the transmission of the pathogen from one person to another
3
Q
What is a non communicable disease?
A
Not infectious disease that cannot be transmitted between individuals, these may include chronic conditions
4
Q
What can some diseases lead to?
A
Weakened immune system
Infections may increase risk of cancer
Allergic reactions
Suffering physical problems may lead to mental health problems
5
Q
What does the immune system do?
A
Designed to identify and fight pathogens to prevent illness
6
Q
What ways do immune system respond to an infection that triggers allergic reactions?
A
Rashes on the skin Asthma attacks Itchinf Watery/ itchy eyes Congestion of nasal passage
7
Q
What is a risk factor?
A
Anything linked to an increase in the chance/likelihood of developing a specific disease
8
Q
What are risk factors often associated with?
A
Lifestyle choices, the environment or the presence of certain substances
9
Q
What are pathogens?
A
Microorganisms that enter the body and cause infectious disease
10
Q
What do pathogens cause? What can be infected by them?
A
- Communicable diseases that can easily spread
- Both plants and animals
11
Q
What are bacteria?
A
Very small cells which reproduce rapidly inside the body
12
Q
How do bacteria make you feel ill?
A
They produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues
13
Q
What are viruses?
A
They are not cells, they reproduce rapidly inside your body
14
Q
What do viruses do?
A
Live inside your cells and replicate themselves using cells’ machinery to produce copies of themselves
The cell will usually burst releasing all new virsues, this makes us feel ill
15
Q
What are protists?
A
They are single celled and are all eukaryotes
16
Q
What can some protists be?
A
Parasites - which can live on or inside other organisms and can cause damage.
17
Q
What are protists transferred by?
A
A vector which doesnt get the disease itself
18
Q
What are fungi?
A
They are single-celled,
19
Q
What can fungi have?
A
Have a body made of hyphae, these can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants causing disease
20
Q
What three ways can pathogens be spread?
A
- Water
- Air
- Direct contact
21
Q
What is Salmonella caused by? How is it caught?
A
Its a food poisoning thats spread by bacteria in ingested food or on prepared food in unhygienic conditions
22
Q
What does the bacteria in salmonella produce? What are the symptoms?
A
Produces toxins in the human which makes us ill, has symptoms like fever, stomach cramp, vomiting and diarrhoea that are caused by th toxins they secrete
23
Q
How can you prevent salmonella?
A
Most poultry is vaccinated to protect them from the bacteria that causes salmonella
24
Q
What is Gonorrhoea? What is it caused by?
A
A sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria
25
How is Gonorrhoea passed on?
During sexual contact from person to person
26
What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?
- Thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis
- Pain while urinating
Many men and women may have no symptoms despite having the infection and can pass it on to others
27
How is Gonorrhoea treated? How can you prevent it?
Treated using antibiotics and prevent it by using barrier methods of contraception
28
Why is it's difficult to treat Gonorrhoea using penicillin?
The bacteria has become resistant to the drug
29
What are measles? What is it caused by?
A highly infectious virul disease, that spreads by droplets from an infected person's sneeze or cough
30
What are symptoms of measles?
A fever, high temperature, cold like symptoms, a red rash on skin
31
What are the fatal complications of measles if not treated?
- Pneumonia were the infection causes inflammation to the lungs
- encephalitis when the infection spreads to the brain and causes inflammation
32
How can you prevent Gonorrhoea?
Most people in the U.K. are vaccinated against it which prevents the spread of infection
33
What is HIV? What is it caused by?
It is a infection spread by sexual contact, bodily fluids such as blood or when drug users share needles. it is caused by a virus
34
What are the symptoms of HIV?
Initially causes a flu-like illness and last for a few weeks then the persons may experience no symptoms at all for severals of years
35
Why is HIV particularly dangerous?
At a late stage, HIV or aids occurs when the body's immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.
36
What is the HIV sufferers at more of a risk of?
Cancer as white blood cells are less able to destroy mutated cancerous cells
37
How can the HIV be controlled?
By antiretroviral drugs which help stop the virus from replicating in the body
38
What is malaria?
A communicable disease caused by a protist, it is carried by a mosquito
39
What are the symptoms of malaria?
Repeated episodes of fevers, headaches, muscle pain or diarrhoea
40
How can the spread of malaria be controlled?
To prevent the vectors from breeding people use mosquito nets and spray insecticides - chemicals to kill the mosquito
41
What is TMV?
A virus that infects many species of plants eg tomatoes
42
What are the symptoms of TMV?
A mosaic pattern on the leaves, patches of discolouration on leaves,
43
What does the discolouration in TMV do?
Means there is a lack of chlorophyll in the plant as the virus reduces it, and therefore decreases the amount of photosynthesis the plant can do which can be fatal.
44
Is there any way to prevent TMV?
There is no vaccination for it and it can be transmitted very easily from plant to plant
45
What is Rose Black spot?
Very common fungal infection that develops on the leaves of rose plants
46
What are the symptoms of of rose black spot?
- Purple or black spots in leaves, which can turn yellow and then drop off
- therefore loss of chlorophyll means less photosynthesis so the plant will not grow well,
47
How can rose black spot spread? What is the treatment for rose black spot?
- spread in the environment by wind or water
- Involves the use of a fungicide that kills the fungus for the infection, the infected leaves must be removed from the plant and destroyed to the fungus cannot spread
48
How can you prevent the spread of disease?
- being hygienic
- destroying vectors ie use of insecticides
- isolating infected individuals
- vaccination
49
What features do vectors have that allow them to spread disease?
- Wings enables them to fly and move more easily from host to host
- Probascis thin tube used for feeding allows pathogen to inject into its host
- Hair on legs causes friction which allows them to land or stay on host whilst feeding
50
What are antibiotics?
Kill infectious bacteria that are inside of the body, they dont work in viral infections
51
What is the problem with antibiotics?
- many people dont complete a course of them
- overuse of antibiotics has led to bacteria resistance -> bacteria are not effected and carry on reproducing they're called SUPERBUGS
52
How does the resistance of a antibiotic develop?
1) . Bacteria mutate by chance
2) . Mutations may give bacteria resistance to the antibiotics
3) . Patient is give antibkuots and this kills all of the non resistant bacteria
4) . Mutated bacteria survive the treatment, with no competition they reproduce rapidly
5) . Person becomes ill and is likely to oas the bacteria on to other people
53
What do white blood cells do?
help defend against pathogens by:
- phagocytosis
- antibody production
- antitoxin production
54
What are antigens?
Proteins found on the membrane of a cell, they act as markers so that the cell can be identified
55
What are memory cells?
White blood cells that retain the information needed to make the antibody, so when we get the infection again we are able to destroy it faster
56
How do white blood cells protect us against disease? Phagocytosis
1) . If a pathogen enters the body, the white blood cell detects the cell it as it has different antigens to our own it will be activated
2) . White blood cells produce antibodies, which are proteins that's have a complimentary shape to the pathogens antigen
3) . The antibodies hold the pathogens in a large cluster as it's an easier target
4) . Once in a large cluster, a phagocyte that contains enzymes, engulfs and digests the pathogen
5) . The leftovers are now harmless
57
What are vaccinations? What does it do?
Injections which contain a weakened or dead version of a pathogen that stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies
58
What are the pros of vaccinations?
1) . Prevent epidemics - if most of the people are vaccinated it makes it less likely that an unprotected person will catch the disease
2) . We can now control communicable diseases
59
What are the cons of vaccinations?
1) . They don't always work
| 2) . Bad reactions/ allergic reactions - these are rare but dangerous
60
What are some of mental/physical issues diseases can lead to?
1) . Effect of a weakened immune system
2) . Infections may increase the risk of cancers
3) . Allergic reactions
4) . Physical problems can lead to mental problems
61
What does it mean for a person if their immune system is weakened?
- Exisiting infections can get worse
| - New infections are more likely
62
What happens when you come into contact with the virus after the vaccine?
1) . Memory cells retain the info required to produce the correct antibodies
2) . These are produced quickly when you are re-infected
3) . This means the virus is killed before symptoms can fully develop
63
What happens if vaccinations are not given?
A outbreak of disease across several counties will occur i.e a pandemic
64
What are the other concerns of vaccinations?
- disease is so rare you're unlikely to catch it
- autism
- distrust for pharmaceutical companies that make the vaccinations
65
What are the non-specific defence systems of the human body against pathogens?
- skin acts as a barrier
- mucus and hairs in nose
- trachea and bronchi have mucus
- stomach
65
How can plant disease be detected?
- stunted growth
- spots on leaves, areas of decay
- malformed stem or leaves
- discolouration
- the presence of pests
65
How can identification of a plant be made?
1) . Go to a gardening manual or website
2) . Taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen
3) . Using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies
66
What two ion deficiencies can plants be affected by?
1) . Stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency
| 2) . Chlorosis causes by magnesium deficiency
67
What can the risk factors of an increased rate of disease be?
- aspects of a persons lifestyle
| - substances in the persons body or environment
68
What is the effect of alcohol, smoking and diet?
1) . Diet, smoking an exercise are effects of cardiovascular disease
2) . Effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function
3) . Effect of smoking in lung disease and lung cancer
4) . Effect of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies
5) . Carniogens, including ionising radiation, as risk factors in cancer
69
how do lifestyle factors have different impacts locally, nationally and globally?
- in developed countries, non communicable diseases are more common as people generally have a higher income and can buy high fat food.
- nationally, people from deprived areas are more likely to smoke, have a poor diet and not exercise therefore the incidence of cardiovascular disease and obesity are higher
70
what is the human cost of non-communicable disease?
- tens of millions of people around the world die from diseases per year, this affects not only sufferers but their loved ones also
71
what is the financial cost of non-communicable disease?
- cost to the NHS of researching and treating the diseases is huge
- families may have to move or adapt their home to help a family member
- if the family member with the disease has to give up work or dies, the income will be reduced
72
what are painkillers?
drugs that relieve pain, they tackle the symptoms and don't tackle the cause of the disease or kill pathogens
73
what are some of the examples of the chemicals used from plants in drugs to treat humans?
- aspirin is used as a painkiller and to lower fever, its developed from a chemical found in willow
- digitalis is used to treat heart conditions, developed from chemical in foxgloves
74
what did Alexander Fleming find?
the mould on a petri dish containing bacteria was producing a substance that killed the bacteria, its called penicillin
75
where are most new drugs made?
they are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. however, the starting point may still be a chemical extracted from a plant
76
What are the risk factors of cancer?
- smoking
- obesity
- uv exposure ie sun beds or living in sunny climate
- viral infection
