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AVS 201 > Health A > Flashcards

Health A Flashcards

1
Q

what does the thyroid gland do

A

production of thyroid hormones

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2
Q

where is the thyroid gland located

A

on the sides of the trachea

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3
Q

hypothyroidism

A

Affects middle-aged dogs mostly
Symptoms
Hair loss*
Weight gain*
Lethargy
Infertility

Diagnosis
Measure thyroid hormone levels in serum test

Common treatment?
Synthetic thyroid hormone (thyroid medication)
Figure out how much to supplement, start with low dosage and after time see results, if levels are still low then increase amount of medication

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4
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

Affects middle-aged to old cats most

Symptoms
Enlarged thyroid glands - can feel in neck
Why enlarged?
High production of the hormones, usually due to a tumor
Increased appetite
Weight loss
Increased drinking/urination
Increased activity

Diagnosis
Measuring high thyroid hormone levels in blood
Tumor discovery on thyroid gland

Treatment
Removal of thyroid glands
Methimazole - pill or transdermal (careful handling)
Radioactive iodine - How does this work?
Majority of iodine is absorbed by thyroid gland, will start to shrink or atrophied the thyroid gland

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5
Q

where is the adrenal gland located

A

near kidney

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6
Q

what does the adrenal gland produce

A

cortisol
produced under stress
also produces aldosterone

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7
Q

addisons disease? what else is it known as

A

also known as Hypoadrenocorticism’

Symptoms
Low blood pressure
Muscle shaking/weakness
Vomiting
Vascular collapse/death if serious
High potassium levels -> cardiac impairment

Diagnosis
Low aldosterone and cortisol in serum

Treatment
Fluids/electrolyte administration
Hormone supplements

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8
Q

cushings disease? what else is it known as?

A

also known as

Cause
Excessive corticosteroid production
Usually due to pituitary/adrenal gland tumors

Symptoms
Muscle weakness
Hair loss
Pot belly
Liver enlargement

Diagnosis
Tumor discovery; elevated blood cortisol concentrations

Treatment
Tumor removal; medications to stop corticosteroid production

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9
Q

chronic renal faiure

A

Kidney failure caused by numerous factors
Can’t concentrate urine
Produce more
Take in more water to keep up with production

treat with a strict diet

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10
Q

hip dysplasia

A

Degenerative arthritis
Genetic transmission - high heritability rating
Environment/nutrition also a factor
Body weight
Low exercise at peak growth

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11
Q

what are the different surgical treatments for hip dysplasia

A

Triple pelvic osteotomy
Femoral osteotomy
Pectineal myectomy
Total hip replacement

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12
Q

hip dysplasia is most common in what kind of dog?

A
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13
Q

juvenile cataracts

A

Lens becomes opaque
No light getting in
Required for processing images
Hereditary
Autosomal recessive
Linked to other eye diseases

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14
Q

hairballs

A

Common occurrence in cats
Ingesting hair while grooming
Three possibilities
Pass the hairball
Accumulate in stomach = vomit
Obstruction
Prevention
High soy lecithin diets - help breakdown of hairs
High sulfur amino acids - healthy skin/coat
Methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, taurine
Treatment
Laxatone - lubricate/flush hair through system

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15
Q

obesity

A

Most common nutritional disorder
Causes
Eating too much
Low activity lifestyle
Hyperadrenocorticism
Insulinoma
Hypothyroidism

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16
Q

what problems are stemming from obesity

A

Arthritis
Hip Dysplasia
Respiratory distress
Diabetes
Spine alignment issues
Cardiovascular Disease
Skin and Coat problems

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17
Q

what percentage over ideal weight is classified as obesity

A

20%

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18
Q

taurine deficency

A

Taurine critical for cats
Commercial diets have it
Don’t feed dog food
Don’t feed human food
Leads to 3 major issues
Vision Problems (possible blindness)
Reproduction issues
Cardiovascular health
Supplement potentially needed
Link to grain-free diets in dogs???
Leads to heart problems (dilated cardiomyopathy)

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19
Q

dilated cardiomypathy

A

Cardiac muscle issue
Leads to enlarged heart
Can not pump enough blood
Symptoms
Lethargy, anorexia
Shortness of breath
Difficulty breathing
Coughing
Fluid in lungs
Diagnosis
X-ray, ultrasounds, echocardiogram
Treatment
Drugs to aid in vasodilation/enhance heart contraction/diuretic

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20
Q

neoplasia

A

Aka cancer
Uncontrollable cell division
Occurs generally in older animals
Symptoms
Swelling
Sores
Difficulty eating/swallowing
Lameness; lack of stamina
Treatment options?
Remove the growth (depends on location), shouldn’t start removal if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body
Chemotherapy (systemic treatment)
Radiation (more targeted)

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21
Q

overactive immune system

A

It can attack the good cells within the body (blood cells, tissue cells)
Can lead to things like anemia
How do we diagnose an overactive immune system?
Blood work, looking for excessive amount of white blood cells
Treatment?
Glucocorticoids (knock the immune system down a little)

22
Q

whats the difference between chemo and radiation

A
23
Q

what is the link between grain free diets and dcm

A
24
Q

bladder stones (whats the medical term)

A

Urolithiasis->Medical term for having urinary stones
Urolith = urinary stone
Contributing factors
Diet, urine pH, congenital, water balance, UTI
Treatment
Can pass on their own
Surgical removal

25
Q

antifreeze toxicity

A

Ingesting small amounts can be fatal
One teaspoon in smaller cats

Symptoms
Vomiting
Seizures; coma
Death
Highest fatality rate of all poisonings

26
Q

what is the effect of antifreeze on the kidneys

A

Attacks the kidneys, the kidney tubules, leads to acute kidney failure

27
Q

rodenticides

A

Rat and mouse poisons

28
Q

what is the active ingredient in rodenticides what does it do?

A

Inhibits Vitamin K
blood clotting factors
Causes internal bleeding in mice and rats (same can happen for cats and dogs)
Minor injury will cause them to bleed out
Diagnosis
Blood/liver tests
Treatment
Blood transfusions
Vitamin K supplementation
For vitamin D issues give fluids/drugs that help excrete calcium

29
Q

plant toxicity

A

some plants are toxic for cats
2-3 leaves ingested could be fatal
Symptoms
Vomiting
Depression
Renal Failure -> death (within a weak)
Treatment
Activated charcoal
Fluid therapy

30
Q

what are the two toxic plants we discussed in class

A

Lily family
Poinsettias

31
Q

lead and zinc toxicity

A

Lead paint common cause (cities)
Symptoms
Vomiting/diarrhea
Anorexia
Blindness
Seizures; hysteria

32
Q

what is hemolysis

A

Breaking (disruption, destroying) of blood cells
Won’t bring oxygen around the body which will lead to many different problems

33
Q

infectious diseases

A

Bacterial
Viral
Rickettsial
Fungal

34
Q

non infectious diseases

A

Metabolic
Degenerative/Developmental
Genetic
Miscellaneous

35
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

Common in cats
Middle-aged females/neutered males

Symptoms
Excessive thirst
Increased urination
Increased appetite
Weight loss
Cataracs - generally in dogs

Treatment
Diet alterations
Insulin injections - 1-2x/day

36
Q

whats the role of insulin for diabetes

A

Helps regulate sugar levels, blood glucose levels

37
Q

which medications cause issues

A

Human medications can be toxic
Acetaminophen
Liver failure
Glutathione can help treat toxicity
Ibuprofen
Benzocaine
Destroys dog/cat blood cells
Phosphate-containing enemas
Kidney damage

38
Q

what is the active ingredient in chocolate that makes it toxic

A

theobromine

39
Q

which type of chocolate is the most toxic and which is the least

A

most toxic: Bakers Chocolate (higher level of coco the worse it is)
Least toxic: white/milk chocolate

40
Q

what are the emergency treatments for toxicities

A

ASPCA animal poison control: staff of veterinary toxicologists

in hospital:
Include emesis (vomiting) with apomorphine
Activated charcoal
Gastric or nasogastric tube
Surgical intervention or endoscopy
Fluid therapy

41
Q

whats the best method for at home emergencies and when should you not use it

A

Hydrogen peroxide
Why?
Induce vomiting
When should you not?
If it is something sharp or dangerous that is trying to come back out

42
Q

what are the baseline respiration rate, resting heart rate, and body temperatures for dogs that are

A
43
Q

what are the baseline respiration rate, resting heart rate, and body temperatures for dogs that are

A
44
Q

what are the baseline respiration rate, resting heart rate, and body temperatures for dogs that are

A
45
Q

what are the baseline respiration rate, resting heart rate, and body temperatures for cats that are

A
46
Q

what are the baseline respiration rate, resting heart rate, and body temperatures for cats that are

A
47
Q

what are the baseline respiration rate, resting heart rate, and body temperatures for cats that are

A
48
Q

how does heart rate change for larger/smaller breeds

A
49
Q

what does zoonotic mean

A

Transmittable between human and animals

50
Q

what is a pathogen

A

An infectious agent - bacteria, parasites, fungus, virus

51
Q

what are various methods of transmission for infectious diseases

A

Saliva, blood contact, inhalation (airborne), ingestion, urinary fluids, bodily secretions, direct contact, absorption, indirect contact (fomite - inanimate object)

52
Q

which modes of transmission are the most dangerous for infectious diseases

A

Airborne is the most dangerous, very hard to control

AVS 201 (2 decks)

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