health ads 3 unit 3

Question 1

‘old’ public health

Answer 1

government actions that focused on changing
the physical environment to
prevent the spread of disease,
such as providing safe water,
sanitation and sewage disposal,
improved nutrition, improved
housing conditions and better work
conditions

Question 2

improved water and sanitation

Answer 2

People were provided with safe water to drink
How it affected health status
* Infectious diseases such
as diarrhoea, typhoid and
cholera were reduced
* Improved infant and child
mortality rates
* Improved life expectancy

Question 3

better quality housing and fewer slums

Answer 3

air quality and ventilation improved, protection from external elements and disease, overcrowding, sanitation elimination …. conditions would have meant that people were living in less proximity to one another. this would have enabled separation from other people when someone was ill, preventing the spread of infectious disease, and reducing the burden of disease associated with infectious diseases such as pneumonia.

Question 4

better quality food and nutrition

Answer 4

Meant that there was greater access to food for individuals, especially children. This would have prevented malnourishment, meaning that immunity would be improved so individuals could fight against disease. This would thus have improved morbidity related to infectious diseases from 1900.

Question 5

introduction of quarantine laws

Answer 5

Quarantine laws meant that individuals with an infectious disease were mandated to be separated from society to prevent the spread of the disease. This would have increased life expectancy from the 1900s onwards, because less people would be contracting infectious diseases and dying from them prematurely.

Question 6

safer working conditions

Answer 6

this old public health action meant that safer conditions were put in place, such as mandates around wearing protective gear to protect from workplace injury. This may have reduced mortality related to injuries in the 1900s.

Question 7

more hygienic birthing practices

Answer 7

More hygienic birthing practices would have meant more people were aware of how to ensure hygiene during birth (e.g. knowing how to properly clean equipment). This would have prevents infection for mothers, decreasing maternal mortality

Question 8

provision of antenatal and infant welfare services

Answer 8

provision of antenatal and infant welfare services may have meant that women were provided with information about a healthy diet during pregnancy. This would have ensured that babies received adequate nutrients in utero, preventing against low birth weight which would have prevented rates of asthma later in childhood for children. Therefore, morbidity rates would have improved for children with this action.

Question 10

mass immunisation programs

Answer 10

Reductions from infectious
diseases such as smallpox, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis B and COVID-19. Improved infant and child
mortality rates, Improved life expectancy

Question 11

health promotion

Answer 11

the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health

Question 12

biomedical approach

Answer 12

focuses on the physical or
biological aspects of disease and illness; a medical model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease

Question 13

biomedical approach strength

Answer 13

Many causes of death that were common in the past, such as
some infectious diseases, can now be treated and cured. This
increases life expectancy.

Question 14

limitations of biomedical approach to health

Answer 14

Those relying on the biomedical approach to restore optimal
health and wellbeing may experience conditions that cannot
be cured or treated effectively. These conditions may be
preventable through behaviour change, but this is not a
focus of the biomedical approach. Cancer is an example of a
condition that has treatments available but, in many cases,
no cure.

Question 15

social model of health

Answer 15

an approach that recognises
improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and
political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups

Question 16

Ottawa charter for health promotion

Answer 16

an approach to health
developed by the World Health Organisation that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the
social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health
outcomes.

Question 17

Bad cats smell dead rats

Answer 17

Building public policy, Create supportive environment, Strengthen community action, Develop personal skills, Reorient health services

Question 18

Bad - Building public policy,

Answer 18

Relates directly to the decisions made
by government and organisations
regarding laws and policies that
make it more difficult for people to
undertake unhealthy behaviours and
seek to make healthier choices the
easier choices

Question 19

Cats - create supportive environment

Answer 19

Recognises the impact that the
broader determinants have on health
and wellbeing and health status
* Aims to promote a healthy physical
and sociocultural environment for all
members of the community
* A supportive environment is one that
promotes health and wellbeing by
being safe, stimulating, satisfying and
enjoyable

Question 20

smell - Strengthen community action

Answer 20

• Focuses on building links between
  individuals and the community,
  and centres around the community
  working together to achieve a
  common goal
• Giving the community a sense of
  ownership of a health and wellbeing
  strategy and working together
  increases the likelihood that it will
  be effective

Question 21

develop personal skills

Answer 21

• Education is the main aspect of
  this action area. Education refers to
  gaining health-related knowledge
  and skills that allow people to make
  informed decisions that may indirectly
  affect health and wellbeing (such as
  talking to people to resolve conflict
  rather than using violence or teaching
  people the skills they need to cook a
  healthy meal).
• Education can occur in many places,
  including school and work settings,
  families, and government and non-
  government organisations.

Question 22

rats - Reorient health services

Answer 22

Refers to changing the health system
so that it promotes health and
wellbeing rather than just focusing
on diagnosing and treating illness, as
is the case with the biomedical model
* Addressing all factors that influence
health and wellbeing, not just
diseases. This requires a shift towards
health promotion, which includes
doctors taking on the role of educator

Question 23

Strengths of social model

Answer 23

Because the social model focuses on the broader
determinants of health and wellbeing, it can prevent
conditions from developing in the first place, therefore
improving health and wellbeing and health status.

Question 24

Social justice

Answer 24

Social justice relates to fairness within society and is based on the following principles- Access, equity, sustainability, funding

Question 25

Limitation of social model of health

Answer 25

The causes of some conditions, including many genetic conditions, can be very difficult to prevent.

Question 26

ADGs

Answer 26

The Australian Dietary Guidelines were developed by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), a federal government body. The Australian population has experienced an increase in diet-related conditions and diseases, and the guidelines are designed to address the causes of the increase.

Question 27

Guide line 1

Answer 27

To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs

Question 28

Guideline 2

Answer 28

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the following five groups every day and drink plenty of water.

Question 29

G3

Answer 29

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol

Question 30

G4

Answer 30

Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.

Question 31

G5

Answer 31

Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.

Question 32

+ ADGS

Answer 32

The guidelines provide advice for individuals with different needs, such as people in different lifespan stages and people from different cultural backgrounds, so more people can benefit from them.

Question 33

- ADGs

Answer 33

The guidelines are only available in English, making them difficult for those from non-English-speaking backgrounds to follow.

Question 34

The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating

Answer 34

The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating is a food selection tool incorporated into the Australian Dietary Guidelines. It is represented on a wheel. It is intended to be used by consumers to assist them in planning, selecting and consuming adequate proportions of foods from the five food groups. The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating is a visual tool that reflects the recommended dietary advice detailed in Australian Dietary Guidelines 2 and 3.

Question 35

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Guide to Healthy Eating

Answer 35

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander has been adapted from the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating. It reflects the main aspects of the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating in that it: * shows the five food groups in the proportions in which they should be consumed * promotes water consumption * suggests to limit discretionary foods * recommends to include small amounts of healthier fats. The main difference between the two models is that the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Guide to Healthy Eating includes references to traditional foods such as kangaroo, goanna and crab meat, bush fruits and vegetables, and damper.

Question 36

personal factors

Answer 36

- include willpower and taste preferences - attitudes and beliefs - health and wellbeing factors.

Question 37

sociocultural factors

Answer 37

- SES status - Employment status - Family and peer group - commercial factors

Question 38

Environmental factors

Answer 38

- geographical location - workplaces - housing environment - transport

Question 39

medicare

Answer 39

Medicare is Australia’s universal health insurance scheme. Established in 1984 and administered by the federal government, Medicare gives all Australians, permanent residents and people from countries with a reciprocal agreement (New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Belgium, Sweden, the Netherlands, Finland, Italy, Malta, Slovenia and Norway) access to subsidised health care.

Question 40

schedule fee

Answer 40

the amount of money that the government deems appropriate for a particular medical service or procedure

Question 41

patients co-payments

Answer 41

the payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government

Question 42

bulk-billing

Answer 42

when the doctor charges only the schedule fee. The payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient.

Question 43

Public sector

Answer 43

public hospitals, medicare, PBS, NDIS

Question 44

Private sector

Answer 44

Private health insurance, Private hospitals, Medicare practitioners in private practice

Question 45

services covered by medicare

Answer 45

specialist consultations, x rays, eye tests, pathology blood and urine test

Question 46

advantages of medicare

Answer 46

- choice of doctor for out of hospital services - Covers tests and examinations, doctors’ and specialists’ fees (schedule fee only), and some procedures such as X-rays and eye tests

Question 47

disadvantages of medicare

Answer 47

- waiting lists for many treatments

Question 48

how is medicare funded

Answer 48

- medicare levy - the medicare levy surcharge - general taxation

Question 49

medicare levy

Answer 49

The Medicare levy is an additional 2 per cent tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers. Those with low incomes or with specific circumstances may be exempt from paying the levy.

Question 50

medicare levy surcharge

Answer 50

The Medicare levy surcharge aims to encourage individuals to take out private hospital cover and, where possible, to use the private system to reduce the demand on the Medicare-funded public system.

Question 51

The PBS

Answer 51

The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a government program in Australia that subsidizes the cost of prescription medicines, making them more affordable for Australians. It helps individuals access necessary medications for various medical conditions

Question 52

The NDIS

Answer 52

The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) provides funding to eligible Australians with disabilities to support their individual needs and goals. This funding allows participants to choose and control how, when, and where they receive their support, giving them more independence, choice, and control over their lives. The NDIS aims to help individuals achieve their goals, which may include employment, social participation, and other areas of life.

Question 53

Private health insurance

Answer 53

Private health insurance is a type of insurance under which members pay a premium (or fee) in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by Medicare. It is an optional form of health insurance that can be purchased in addition to Medicare.

Question 54

private health insurance incentives

Answer 54

- private health insurance rebate - lifetime health cover - medicare levy surcharge - age based discount

Question 55

lifetime health cover

Answer 55

Lifetime Health Cover (LHC) is a government initiative in Australia that encourages individuals to purchase and maintain private hospital insurance early in life, specifically by the age of 31. If you choose to take out private hospital cover after this age, you may be subject to a loading (extra cost) on your premiums, which increases with your age. This loading is designed to help create a more stable and sustainable private health insurance system by encouraging younger, healthier people to contribute.

Question 56

+ private health insurance

Answer 56

Depending on the level of cover purchased, services such as dental, chiropractic, physiotherapy, optometry and dietetics could be paid for - helps to keep the costs of operating medicare under control - reduces the strain on the system

Question 56

- private health insurance

Answer 56

- costly in terms of the premiums that have to be paid for

Question 57

medicare funding

Answer 57

Medicare funds part or all of the fees associated with health services, including doctor and specialist consultations, pathology tests and fee-free treatment in public hospitals.

Question 58

The PBS funding

Answer 58

Essential medicines are subsidised through the PBS, providing treatment for many conditions and promoting health outcomes

Question 59

The NDIS funding

Answer 59

The NDIS can provide funding for a range of resources that promote health status, including carers who can provide support with daily living and staying socially connected. * Assistive technology such as wheelchairs and bed rails are provided.

Question 60

Private health insurance funding

Answer 60

Private health insurance provides much of the funding for private hospitals, which are responsible for around 40 per cent of hospital treatments. * The federal government funds the private health insurance rebate, which means private health insurance is more affordable for more people.

Question 61

Medicare Sustainability

Answer 61

* Determining which services will be subsidised through Medicare can preserve funds for the most necessary services, yielding the greatest gains in health outcomes. * The Medicare levy increased from 1.5 to 2 per cent in July 2014 to assist in providing the necessary funds to maintain Australia’s health system and introduce the NDIS.

Question 62

The PBS sustainability

Answer 62

Continually reviewing the medicines available through the PBS means those that will have the greatest benefits are prioritised, which assists in keeping the scheme sustainable. * The Therapeutic Goods Administration (a federal government body) verifies the effectiveness of all PBS medicines. This contributes to improved treatment and less reliance on the health system.

Question 63

The NDIS sustainability

Answer 63

Each participant in the NDIS receives an individualised plan, which means that only necessary funds are spent on each person. As a result, more people can access the NDIS and experience improved health outcomes

Question 64

Private health insurance sustainability

Answer 64

Incentives such as the private health insurance rebate, Lifetime Health Cover and the age- based discount assist in maximising the funding gained through the private system. This means more people are treated through the private system, which reduces the strain on the public system, improving health outcomes for more people.

Question 65

Medicare Access

Answer 65

* Medicare provides access to people of all socioeconomic backgrounds to services such as doctors consultations and treatment in public hospitals. * Medicare provides funding for telephone and video consultations, which can assist those living outside major cities in accessing health services.

Question 67

The PBS access

Answer 67

All Australian citizens and permanent residents are entitled to access subsidised medicines through the PBS. * The PBS promotes access to essential medicines for low income earners by including a concessional co-payment amount

Question 68

The NDIS access

Answer 68

The NDIS improves access to health services for people with significant, lifelong disabilities by providing resources such as transport and the support of a carer if required. * The NDIS has been rolled out in every region of Australia, improving access for those living outside major cities.

Question 69

PHI access

Answer 69

* The federal government’s private health insurance rebate increases access to private health insurance for those on lower incomes. * Private health insurance can increase access to health services that may have otherwise been too expensive for patients to afford.

Question 70

Medicare equity

Answer 70

Medicare Safety Net — people who require frequent services covered by Medicare, such as doctor’s visits and tests, receive additional financial support * Mental health treatment plans — those with mental health disorders are eligible for 10 individual and 10 group therapy sessions per calendar year with the cost covered by Medicare.

Question 71

The PBS equity

Answer 71

PBS Safety Net — further protects individuals and families from large overall expenses for PBS-listed medicines * The concessional co- payment amount provides greater assistance to those who are unemployed or on low incomes. * Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples can qualify for reduced PBS co- payment amounts under the Closing the Gap initiative.

Question 72

The NDIS equity

Answer 72

* The individualised plan developed as a part of the NDIS ensures that those with more significant needs receive more assistance. * Those who require the NDIS do not have to pay more towards funding it than those who don’t.