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biology paper 1 > health and disease > Flashcards

health and disease Flashcards

1
Q

how is cholera spread

A

via contaminated water sources

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2
Q

how to reduce spread of cholera

A

make sure people have access to clean water supplies

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3
Q

HOW is tuberculosis spread

A

through the air when infected individuals cough

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4
Q

how to reduce transmission of tuberculosis

A

infected should avoid public spaces and stay at home

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5
Q

how is malaria spread

A

mosquitos

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6
Q

how to prevent transmission of malaria

A

use of mosquito nets and insect repellents

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7
Q

how is stomach ulcers spread

A

oral transmission

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8
Q

how to prevent transmission of stomach ulcers

A

have clean water supplies and good hygeine

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9
Q

how is ebola spread

A

via bodily fluids

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10
Q

how to prevent transmission of Ebola

A

isolating the infected individuals and sterilising the areas with the virus

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11
Q

how is Chalara ash dieback spread

A

carried by the wind

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12
Q

how to prevent transmission of Chalara ash dieback

A

remove the infected ash trees

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13
Q

discribe the lyctic pathway of virus

A

-virus attaches to cell receptors
-it injects its genome into host cells
-viruses use enzymes of host cell to duplicate its genome and proteins
-viral genome and proteins assemble, creating new viral particles
-the virus will lyse(burst) the cell to infect more

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14
Q

what is the lysogenic pathway of virus

A

-virus attaches to cell receptors
-it injects genome into host cells
-it insets its genome into cells genome.it may then stay in this phase for a long time. every time cell duplicates, it duplicates the viral genome
-viral genome dettaches from cell genome and start assembling viral particles
-the virus will lyse( burst) the cell to infect more

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15
Q

what is chlamydia

A

it is an STI

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16
Q

what is the result of Chlamydia

A

it causes infertility in men and women

17
Q

how to prevent Chlamydia

A

it can be reduced by wearing a condom

18
Q

what type of virus is HIV

A

it is an STI

19
Q

what is AIDS

A

this is when a persons immune system deteriorates and fails. this person will become vunerable to infections

20
Q

How is HIV spread

A

it is spread via bodily fluids

21
Q

how to prevent HIV

A

-use a condom

22
Q

what is Quinine

A

it comes from the bark of the cinchona tree and it is the main treatment for malaria

23
Q

what is aspirin

A

it is used to relieve pain and fever and it is developed from the bark of willow trees

24
Q

what are some examples of physical barriers against pathogens

A

Hairs, mucus, blood clots

25
Q

what are some examples of chemical barriers against pathogens

A

hydrochloric acid made in stomach, lysozyme found in tears

26
Q

how does your immune system attack pathogens

A

-when B-lymphocytes find a pathogen, they produce antibodies which will lock onto the pathogens anitgens. this means that is will be found and eaten
by phagocytes . then, memory lymphocytes will be produced to remember what type of antibody to make for the specific type of antigen.

27
Q

what is the formula for BMI

A

mass/height^2

28
Q

what is cardiovascular disease

A

this is when cholestrol builds up in your arteries, restricting blood flow

29
Q

what are stents?

A

they are tubes that are inserted in your arteries which keeps them open so blood can pass through. this reduces the risk of heart attack

30
Q

what are the effects of cholera

A

diarrhoea

31
Q

what are the effects of tuberculosis

A

coughing and lung damage

32
Q

what are the effects of malaria

A

damage to red blood cells and to the liver

33
Q

what are the effects of stomach ulcers

A

stomach pain, nausea and vomiting

34
Q

what are the effects of ebola

A

haemorrhagic fever(a fever with bleeding)

35
Q

what are the effects of chalara ash back

A

leaf loss and bark lesions (wounds)

36
Q

what is HIV

A

this is a virus that attacks and destroys B lymphocytes.
this can then lead to AIDS

biology paper 1 (14 decks)

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