Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 1 Uni > Health And Disease > Flashcards

Health And Disease Flashcards

(136 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is health

A

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absences of disease or infirmity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is disease

A

Any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Regulation of the body’s internal environment to an approximately constant state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Examples in human body of homeostasis

A

Temperature
pH
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Blood sugar
Ion balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is homeostasis important

A

• biochemical reactions take place at optimum temperature and pH
• mass conservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Classifications of disease

A

Temporal
Aetiology
Anatomical
Morphological/structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Temporal classification of disease

A

Acute or chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Aetiology classification of disease

A

Cause
Eg infectious, autoimmune, genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anatomical classification of disease

A

Cardiovascular, neurological etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Morphological classification of disease

A

Eg tumour, cyst, Electron Transport Chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is pathophysiology

A

Study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs during disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is pharmacology

A

Study of the uses, effects and modes of action of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Link between pathophysiology and pharmacology

A

Drugs are designed to counteract the underlying physiological disruptions involved in disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Whats the importance of pharmacology in disease management

A

Important in the discovery of new, safer medicines to treat disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does understanding health and disease improve patient care

A

Pharmacists can:
Promote use of healthcare services
Improve medication adherence
Highlight lifestyle choices
Provide more effective communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is public health

A

All organised matters to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population as a whole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do most people in the uk die from?

A

Cardiovascular disease and cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the leading cause of death for ages 20-34

A

Self harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What diseases is most commonly lived with in the uk

A

Mental health illnesses
Musculoskeletal disorders
Chronic respiratory disease
Dementia
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is multi-morbidity

A

Living with more than 1 long term health condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How to prevent clusters of disease

A

Dealing with common risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three domains of public health

A

Health promotion
Health protection
Health care public health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does health promotion entail

A

Enabling people to improve their health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does health protection entail

A

Preventing harms such as infectious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does health care public health entail
Improve the quality of health services
26
Pharmacists involvement in health promotion
Promote healthy lifestyles
27
Pharmacists involvement in health protection
Medication review and de prescribing Prevention and control of I.D Drug and alcohol services Occupational health
28
Pharmacists involvement in healthcare public health
Evidence-based practice
29
What are prokaryotes
Singe celled organism which lack membranous structures
30
What are eukaryotes
Single or multicellular organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound structures
31
What classification of cells do humans have
Eukaryotic
32
What does cytoplasm contain
• Contains cell organelles and cytosol • Fluid in everything in the cell except for the nucleus
33
What is the cytosol
• Fluid surrounding the organelles • largest intracellular fluid compartment
34
What is the central dogma
the idea that information flows in one direction in cells, from DNA to RNA to protein
35
Function of the nucleus
Storage and transmission of genetic information to the next generation of cells
36
How many chromosomes humans have
46
37
What is chromatin
Fine network of threads of DNA
38
What happens to chromatin during cell division
Becomes tightly condensed to form chromosomes
39
What is the nuclear envelope composed of
2 membranes and nuclear pores at regular intervals
40
What moves through the nuclear pores?
• RNA • some proteins which modulate the expression of various genes in DNA move into the nucleus
41
Structure of rough ER
• ribosomes bound to its cytosolic surface • flattened-sac appearance
42
Role of rough ER
Involved in packaging proteins to send to Golgi apparatus
43
Structure of smooth ER
• no ribosomal particles on its surface • branched, tubular structure
44
Role of smooth ER
• site of lipid molecule synthesis • detoxification of certain hydrophobic molecules such as foreign materials eg drugs, environmental pollutants • releases Ca2+
45
Role of ribosomes
Site of translation
46
Site of ribosomes
• free in cytoplasm • attached to the rough ER
47
Structure of Golgi apparatus
Series of closely apposed, flattened membranous sacs
48
Function of Golgi apparatus
Sorts modified proteins into discrete classes of transport vesicles
49
General structure of mitochondria
Spherical, elongated, rodlike structure
50
Function of mitochondria
Site of ATP synthesis by cellular respiration
51
Lysosomes structure
Spherical organelles surrounded by a single membrane The fluid within is acidic and contains digestive enzymes
52
Functions of lysosomes
• breakdown bacteria and debris from dead cells that have been engulfed by a cell • breakdown damaged organelles
53
What kind of cells are lysosomes important in
Cells which make up the defence systems of the body
54
Structure of peroxisomes
Moderately dense oval bodies which are enclosed by a single membrane
55
Function of peroxisomes
• consume molecular oxygen and performs reactions that remove hydrogen from organic molecules including lipids, alcohols and toxic ingested materials • detoxify hydrogen peroxide produced by this reaction
56
Is cytoskeleton an organelle
No It is a filamentous network contained in the cytoplasm
57
What kind of processes is the cytoskeleton associated with
Maintain and change cell shape and produce cell movement
58
Actin filament diameter
7nm
59
Actin filament formation
G-actin assembles into a polymer of 2 twisting chains to form F-actin which makes up a major portion of the cytoskeleton in all cells
60
Role of actin filament
Cell shape, amoeboid-like movement, cell division and muscle cell contraction
61
Diameter of intermediate filament
10 nm
62
Structure of intermediate filament
Twisted strands of several different proteins including keratin, desmin, lumin
63
Role of intermediate filament
Cell shape, anchoring the nucleus, providing strength to cells
64
Diameter of microtubule
25 nm
65
Structure of microtubule
Hollow tubules
66
Most rigid type of cytoskeleton
Microtubule
67
Function of microtubules
Present in long processes of neurones, important during cell division
68
Are cilia organelles
No Hairlike extensions on surfaces of most cells
69
Function of motile cilia
Help propel contents of organ along surface of epithelium
70
Function of nonmotile cilia
Important in sensory structures
71
What are flagella
Lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body Full of mitochondria
72
Example of human cells with a flagella
Spermatozoa
73
Roughly how much blood does the average human have
5 Litres
74
What is plasma
Blood without cell components
75
What is serum
Plasma without clotting factors and fibrinogen
76
What is osmolality definition
Concentration of al chemical particles found in the fluid part of blood
77
What is the osmolality of blood
285-295 mOsm
78
What is the pH range of blood
7.35-7.45
79
What is blood used to do
Transport Regulation Protection
80
What does blood transport
Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Excretory products
81
How does blood help with regulation
• delivers hormones to target sites • diverts blood in homeostasis • regulates temperature
82
How is blood involved in protection
• role of leukocytes in infection • clotting mechanism to prevent blood loss
83
What allows for a rapid assessment of blood composition
Hematocrit
84
Where are blood cells generated
Bone marrow
85
What kind of stem cells are blood cells derived from
Hematopoietic
86
What are hematopoietic stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of producing the precursors of different blood cells
87
What are thrombocytes
Platelets
88
How are platelets formed
Bone marrow then myeloid progenitor cell then megakaryocytic cell undergoes fragmentation to platelets
89
Shape of platelet
Discoid fragment
90
What is thrombopoietin
Hormone mainly produced by liver that stimulates platelet production
91
How does thrombopoietin regulate platelet production in the blood
Binds to platelets in the circulation • normal platelet count - TPO level is low • low platelet count - TPO level is high therefore platelet production is stimulated
92
How are platelets involved in hemostasis
• formation of platelet plug • blood coagulation
93
What is hemostasis
Initial response is vasoconstriction and the sticking together of the opposed endothelial surfaces and is then followed by the formation of platelet plug and blood clotting
94
What does a platelet plug do
Completely seal small areas of damage to blood vessels
95
Main steps of platelet plug formation
1. Platelet adhesion 2. Platelet activation 3. Platelet aggregation
96
What happens during platelet adhesion
• platelets adhere to collagen fibres which are exposed due to damage of endothelial cell layer which exposes the sub-endothelial layer and connective tissue collagen fibres • adhere via von Willebrand factor
97
What are von Willebrand factor proteins?
Plasma protein secreted by endothelial cells and platelets which bind to exposed collagen molecules, changes its conformation, and becomes able to bind platelets
98
What triggers platelet activation?
vWF forms a bridge between damaged blood vessels and circulatory platelets
99
What does platelet activation lead to
• shape change • activation of fibrinogen receptor • release of electron dense granules such as ADP and serotonin
100
What is a fibrinogen receptor
Adhesive receptor which bridges 2 platelets together using fibrinogen proteins which circulate in the blood
101
What do electron dense granules do during platelet activation
Act locally to induce multiple changes in the metabolism, shape and surface proteins of platelets
102
What happens during platelet aggregation
• positive feedback loop between new platelets adhering to new ones which rapidly induces them to synthesise thromboxane A2 which acts locally to further stimulate platelet aggregation and release of secretory vesicle content • fibrinogen forms bridges between activated platelets by binding to the activated fibrinogen receptor which forms the platelet plug • activated platelets release chemical mediators which triggers vasoconstriction
103
What is blood coagulation
Transformation of blood into a solid gel called a clot/thrombus
104
What does a clot/thrombus mainly consist of
A protein polymer called fibrin
105
Where does blood coagulation occur
Locally around the platelet plug
106
What is the dominant hemastatic defenve
Blood coagulation
107
Function of blood coagulation
• Support and reinforce the platelet plug • solidify blood that remains in the wound channel
108
What do erythrocytes • transport • contain • shape (why)
• oxygen and carbon dioxide • haemoglobin • biconcave (high surface area to volume ratio)
109
What is erythropoiesis
Production of erythrocytes
110
Where does erythropoiesis occur
Bone marrow
111
What hormone controls erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin (EPO)
112
Erythropoietin • produced by • controlled by
• kidney • oxygen delivery to the kidney
113
What will trigger erythropoietin production, examples
Decreased oxygen levels Due to high altitude, lung disease, insufficient pumping of the heart, anaemia
114
What are granulocytes
Densely stained granules in the cytoplasm which help the body fight bacterial infections
115
What is a neutrophil
Phagocytic cells which are an important component of innate immunity
116
What is eosinophils
Type of granulocyte which is important in the defence to parasitic infections
117
What are basophil cells
Circulating immune cells which contain histamine, pathogenesis of allergic reactions, inflammation
118
3 kinds of granulocytes
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil
119
Monocytes • what • nucleus shape • differentiate into
• largest blood cells which contain fine granules • irregular, lobed nucleus • differentiate into macrophages
120
Macrophages • involved in what kind of immunity • what do they do
• innate immunity • involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and present antigens to T cells and trigger inflammation by releasing cytokines
121
Two kinds of lymphocytes
T and B
122
What are B and plasma cells involved in
Antibody production
123
What are T helper cells involved in
Regulate antibody production, regulate and mediate immune response
124
Function of natural killer cells
Lyse target cells
125
What are monosaccharides in terms of organic chemistry
Hydroxylated aldehydes and ketones
126
Which monosaccharides are most important
5 and 6-carbon
127
How are disaccharides formed
Linking monosaccharides together with a glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction
128
What kind of molecule is glycogen
Storage polysaccharide
129
Is glycogen branched
Highly Branch at alpha-1,6-bonds
130
Major monosaccharide found in the blood
Glucose
131
What does glycogen act as a resevoir of?
Energy that is stored in the chemical bonds within individual glucose monomers
132
Use of sugar in cells
Used as an extracellular matrix Used for glycosylation
133
What does sugar do as an extracellular matrix
• acts as a scaffold for cell attachment • transmits information to cells growing, differentiating and migrating
134
What happens during glycolysation
Addition of sugar to other biological molecules to form glycoproteins and glycolipids
135
Main roles of lipids
• major component of the cell membranes • valuable source of energy • important signalling molecules
136
4 types of lipids
• steroids • fatty acids • triglycerides • phospholipids

Year 1 Uni (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions