Health and Disease Flashcards
(39 cards)
Definition of health according to the WHO
The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Pathogen def
An organism that causes disease
Communicable
Can be passed on from person to person. Caused by pathogens or microbes getting into the body
Non-communicable def and e.g.
Cannot be passed from person to person. Caused by lifestyle choices or genetics
E.g. Diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease
Chalara ash dieback
Fungi, airborne, causes lead loss and bark lesions
Malaria
Protist, animal vector, damages blood and liver
Cholera
Bacteria, causes diarrhoea, water
Tuberculosis
Bacteria, cause lung disease and coughing, airborne
HIV
Virus, destroys white blood cells, weakens the immune system leading to the onset of AIDS and death by secondary diseases
Stomach ulcers
Bacteria, caused by helicobacteria, oral transmission
Ebola
Virus, body fluids, causes haemorrhaging fever
Chemical defences
Lysozyme in tears and saliva (breaks down the cell walls of bacteria to destroy them), hydrochloric acid in stomach (destroys pathogens in food)
Physical barriers
Skin (blocks pathogens from entering the body and bloodstream), mucus (traps pathogens in airways), cilia (waft to move the mucus from the lungs to the throat. Also found in the Fallopian tubes)
antibiotics
Can be used to treat bacterial infections as they can inhibit cell processes in the bacterium but no the host organism. They can’t treat viruses as the viruses reproduce using the body’s cells. The antibiotic can’t destroy the virus without destroying the body’s cells
Developing new medicines
Discovery (finding a new drug that can potentially cure or treat a disease), preclinical testing (on cells in the lab to see if it enters the cells and has the wanted effect), animal testing (to check if it works on a while organism without harming humans, small clinical (tests if drug is safe to humans and has no bad side effects), large clinical (find out correct dose)
BMI
weight in kg / height squared in metres
Causes of obesity and malnutrition
Lack of exercise, poor unbalanced diet
Causes of liver diseases
Alcohol
Causes of cardiovascular disease
Smoking
Treatments for cardiovascular disease
Life-long medication, surgical procedure ps, lifestyle changes
Lytic cycle
Viruses have a protein coat around a strand of genetic material. It attaches itself to the host organism and injects/transcribes its genetic material into it. It uses the host mRNA to direct ribosomes where protein synthesis happens. It takes over metabolic activities in the cell. It uses enzymes and proteins to take over the genetic material and use it to copy the virus. It uses the cell’s energy to replicate at a fast rate. As the cell gets overcrowded, the virus releases enzymes to break the cell wall and it ruptures affecting other cells as the new viruses are released
Lysogenic cycle
Genetic material injected into cell. It is incorporated into the genome. The genetic material is replicated with the host DNA. The virus is dorment and no new ones are made. The cells divide so there is more of them present in multiple cells. Eventually a trigger (e.g. mutation, stress or UV radiation) causes a viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway.
Monoclonal antibodies. How are they made?
They are artificially made in labs by fusing antibody forming cells with a tumour cell (myeloma). Lymphocytes are taken from the animal (injected with pathogen) as they produce antibodies to the antigen.
Plant defences
Cell wall made of cellulose, waxy cuticle (physical). Antiseptics (chemical)
