Health and Human Development Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
Aid
A
assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of long-term sustainable improvements
2
Q
Allied health services
A
health services provided by trained health professionals who are not doctors, dentists or nurses. Examples include services provided by physiotherapists, psychologists and occupational therapists.
3
Q
Anaemia
A
a condition characterised by a reduced ability of the body to deliver enough oxygen to the cells due to a lack of healthy red blood cells
4
Q
Antenatal
A
relates to the medical care given to pregnant women before their babies are born
5
Q
Antenatal care
A
healthcare provided to women during pregnancy and just after birth
6
Q
Antioxidants
A
compounds in foods that neutralise free radicals
7
Q
Asphyxia
A
interrupted breathing leading to low levels of oxygen in the body, unconsciousness and often death
8
Q
Assistive technology
A
a device, system or design that allows an individual to perform a task that they would otherwise be unable to do, or increase the ease and safety with which a task can be performed
9
Q
Asylum seeker
A
a person seeking international protection and whose refugee status is yet to be determined
10
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
the build-up of plaque on blood vessel walls, making it harder for blood to get through
11
Q
Bilateral aid
A
the provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country
12
Q
Biodiversity
A
the variety of different plants, animals and micro-organisms, their genes and the ecosystems of which they are a part
13
Q
Biological factors
A
factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing, such as genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight
14
Q
Biomedical approach to health
A
focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, treatment and cure of disease.
15
Q
Birth asphyxia
A
a condition in which a baby’s brain and other organs do not get enough oxygen before, during or immediately after birth. It can cause temporary or permanent damage.
16
Q
Body mass index (BMI)
A
a statistical measure of body mass calculated by dividing weight (in kilograms) by height (in m2)
17
Q
Bulk billing
A
when the doctor charges only the schedule fee. The payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses for the patient.
18
Q
Burden of disease
A
a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY (VCAA).
19
Q
Cholesterol
A
a type of fat required for optimal functioning of the body that in excess can lead to a range of health concerns including the blocking of the arteries (atherosclerosis). Can be ‘bad’ low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or ‘good’ high density lipoprotein (HDL).
20
Q
Chronic condition
A
any disease or condition that lasts a long time (usually longer than six months). It usually can’t be cured and therefore requires ongoing treatment and management. Examples include arthritis and asthma.
21
Q
Communicable diseases
A
infectious diseases that are transmitted from the environment; including through air, water, food and other infected organisms (including other humans)
22
Q
CT scans
A
computed tomography scan, which is a specialised x-ray taken from many different angles to build a three-dimensional picture of the body
23
Q
Degradation
A
the deterioration of the environment through the depletion of resources, such as clean air, water and soil, the destruction of ecosystems, and the extinction of wildlife
24
Q
Dermatologist
A
a medical doctor with specialist training relating to conditions of the skin
25
Dimensions of health and wellbeing
these are the components that make up an individual’s overall health and wellbeing. The dimensions are physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual.
26
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
a measure of burden of disease. One DALY is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death. DALYs are calculated as the sum of the years of life lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability for people living with the health condition or its consequences (AIHW, 2018).
27
Discrimination
when a person or group of people is treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity.
28
Disease
a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage
29
Displaced people
those who are forced to leave their home because of war or persecution
30
Double burden of disease
when conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side-by-side in one community, such as undernutrition and obesity
31
Dynamic
continually changing
32
Economic sustainability
ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future
33
Ecosystem
a community of living things and the non-living components of the environment in which they live. An ecosystem can include plants, animals, micro-organisms, water, air, soil and rocks.
34
Emergency aid
rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during and after emergencies such as wars and natural disasters, for example floods, tsunamis or earthquakes. Emergency aid is also called ‘humanitarian aid’.
35
Emotional health and wellbeing
relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way. Emotional health and wellbeing is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience. Emotional health and wellbeing is the degree to which an individual feels emotionally secure and relaxed in everyday life
36
Energy balance
when the amount of energy consumed is the same as the amount of energy required. Energy balance contributes to neither weight gain or weight loss.
37
Energy dense
(foods) foods that contain significant amounts of fat, carbohydrates and/or protein, therefore contributing large amounts of energy to the diet
38
Environmental factors
the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. Environmental factors include workplaces, housing, roads and geographical access to resources such as healthcare.
39
Environmental sustainability
ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future
40
Extreme poverty
living on less than US$1.90 per day
41
Extremism
belief in and support for ideas that are very far from what most people consider correct or reasonable
42
Fertilisation
the fusing of a sperm and egg cell. Marks the beginning of pregnancy. Also known as conception.
43
Fertility rates
the number of live births per 1000 women aged 15–49 in one year
44
First trimester
the first three months of pregnancy
45
Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder
a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. Problems that may occur in babies exposed to alcohol before birth include low birth weight, distinctive facial features, heart defects, behavioural problems and intellectual disability.
46
Food insecurity
when healthy, affordable food is not obtainable
47
Food security
‘the state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources’ (VicHealth, 2008)
48
Fortified
(foods) when a nutrient has been artificially added to food to increase its nutritional value
49
Free radicals
molecules formed when oxygen is metabolised. Free radicals can damage healthy body cells and increase the risk of diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.
50
Gender equality
when males and females have equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities
51
Genetic predisposition
an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person’s genetic makeup (often indicated by a person’s family history of disease)
52
Globalisation
the process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale. It can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society. A reduction in barriers to trade, communication and transport contributes to this process.
53
Governance
the structures and processes that are designed to ensure accountability, transparency, rule of law, inclusiveness and broad-based participation in society
54
Greenhouse gases
gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing heat. Carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons (used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays) are examples of greenhouse gases.
55
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
a measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.
56
Gross National Income (GNI)
the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country
57
Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
the average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury (AIHW, 2018)
58
Health and wellbeing
the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
59
Health indicators
standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status (e.g. life expectancy, mortality rates, morbidity rates)
60
Health literacy
the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions
61
Health promotion
the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
62
Health status
‘An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.’ (AIHW, 2008)
63
Human development
creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities (the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives (adapted from the UN Development Programme, 1990).
64
Human Development Index
a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions — a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living — and four indicators — life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income per capita.
65
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
an infection that results in the gradual depletion and weakening of the immune system, resulting in increased susceptibility to other infections such as pneumonia and tuberculosis
66
Human rights
relates to the freedoms and conditions to which every person is entitled
67
Hunger
the continuing lack of food needed for an active and healthy life
68
Hypertension
high blood pressure
69
Illness
a subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease or injury
70
Incidence
refers to the number (or rate) of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period
71
Income test
a determination of whether an individual or family is eligible for government assistance based on their level of income
72
Infant mortality rate
the rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births
73
Infectious diseases
diseases caused by micro-organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another
74
Infirmity
the quality or state of being weak or ill; often associated with old age
75
Infrastructure
the physical and organisational structures, facilities and systems (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society
76
Intersectoral collaboration
having groups from many sectors, such as government, health and the private sector, working together to achieve a common goal
77
Life expectancy
the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth (AIHW, 2018).
78
Low birth weight
weighing less than 2500 grams (2.5 kilograms) at birth
79
Malaria
a communicable disease that is transmitted via infected mosquitoes
80
Maternal mortality
death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within six weeks of delivery
81
Maternal mortality ratio
the number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy, childbirth or associated treatment per 100 000 women who give birth
82
Menopause
when the menstrual cycle stops permanently, ending the ability of a female to reproduce
83
Mental health and wellbeing
the current state of wellbeing relating to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information. A mentally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic
84
Millennium Development Goals
a set of goals that were introduced in 2000 to guide global action until 2015
85
Morbidity
ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population (often expressed through incidence and prevalence) (AIHW, 2018)
86
Mortality
the number of deaths in a population in a given period (AIHW, 2018)
87
Mortality rate
(sometimes referred to as ‘death rate’) the measure of the proportion of a population who die in a one-year period (usually per 100 000)
88
Multilateral aid
aid provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations or World Health Organization. Multilateral aid combines donations from several countries and then distributes them to the recipients.
89
Neonatal period
the first 28 days after birth
90
New public health
an approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health. Also referred to as the social model of health.
91
Non-communicable diseases
conditions that are usually long-lasting and generally progress slowly. Non-communicable diseases are not spread through the environment and include cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory diseases and diabetes.
92
Non-government organisation (NGO)
non-profit organisations work to promote health and wellbeing and human development and they operate separately from governments.
93
Non-government organisation (NGO) aid
NGOs take different approaches to aid, which can include specific projects or programs, emergency aid, volunteering, education and development.
94
Non-renewable resources
resources that are not replenished in a short period, so once they are used they are not available for future generations. Non-renewable resources include coal, natural gas, petroleum and nuclear substances.
95
Nutrient dense
(foods) foods that contain a large amount of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals
96
Old public health
government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions
97
Open defecation
using open spaces rather than a toilet to pass human waste
98
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion
an approach to health developed by the World Health Organization that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the social model of health and provides five action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health status, all of which are centred around three strategies for health promotion which are enabling, mediating and advocacy.
99
Paleo diet
a diet characterised by consuming foods available to humans during the Paleolithic period (from around 2.5 million to 12 000 years ago). The Paleo diet restricts the consumption of dairy, refined grains such as bread and pasta, and refined sugar such as chocolate and soft drink. The main components of the Paleo diet are meat, fish, nuts, vegetables and seeds.
100
Palliative care
an approach designed to improve the quality of life of patients with a life-threatening illness with little or no prospect of a cure. This is achieved through the prevention and relief of suffering and the treatment of pain.
101
Pandemic
the spread of infectious disease through human populations across a large region such as multiple continents or worldwide. COVID-19 is the most recent example of a pandemic, affecting almost every country.
102
Pathogens
bacteria, viruses and other microbes that can cause disease
103
Patient co-payments
the payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government
104
Periodontitis
a condition characterised by inflammation and infection of the tissues that support the teeth
105
PET scan
involves having an injection of a small amount of radioactive material, which enables a scanner to build up a picture of the body
106
Physical health and wellbeing
relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks
107
Poverty
not having the resources to meet basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter
108
Premium
the amount paid for insurance
109
Prevalence
the total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time (AIHW, 2008)
110
Primary production
the process of producing natural products for human use such as plants and animals
111
Private sector
part of a country’s economic system that is run by individuals and companies, rather than the government
112
Productivity
relates to the efficiency of production of goods and services. Productivity is measured by the amount of output produced per unit of input
113
Public health
the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and prevent disease
114
Quarantine
laws that require a person, animal, plant or any type of material that might be carrying an infectious agent to be kept isolated to prevent the spread of disease
115
Renewable resources
resources that are replenished naturally and over a relatively short period, and include crops, water, oxygen, forests and fish stocks
116
Sanitation
the process of eliminating contact between humans and hazardous wastes, including human and animal faeces and urine, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage and grey water), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes
117
Schedule fee
the amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments. The government decides what each item is worth and that’s what Medicare pays. Doctors and private hospitals may choose to charge more than the schedule fee.
118
Schistosomiasis
a worm infection that occurs when people swim, bathe or have contact with fresh water contaminated with human excreta
119
Self-assessed health status
‘An individual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general.’ (AIHW, 2018) It is commonly sourced from population surveys.
120
Sistergirls
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander transgender women (assigned male at birth) who have a distinct cultural identity and often take on female roles within the community, including looking after children and family (2015, Sisters & Brothers NT)
121
Social exclusion
the segregation that people experience if they are not adequately participating in the society in which they live
122
Social health and wellbeing
relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations. It also includes the level of support provided by family and within a community to ensure that every person has equal opportunity to function as a contributing member of the society
123
Social isolation
refers to individuals who are not in regular contact with others
124
Social justice
can be defined in a number of ways, but the common underlying theme is equal rights for all, regardless of personal traits such as sex, class and income, ethnicity, religion, age or sexual orientation
125
Social model of health
an approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups
126
Social protection measures
measures put in place to prevent individuals and families from suffering from poverty because of a crisis or another unexpected event. Measures include the provision of healthcare, and income security for children, those who become sick or disabled and the elderly.
127
Social sustainability
creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely
128
Sociocultural factors
the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These conditions include socioeconomic status, social connections, family and cultural norms, food security, early life experiences, and access to affordable, culturally appropriate healthcare.
129
Socioeconomic status
the social standing of an individual in comparison to others in that society. It is based on education, income and occupation.
130
Spiritual health and wellbeing
relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world.
131
Stakeholders
people, groups and organisations who are involved in, or affected by, a course of action
132
Subjective
influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings or opinions
133
Subsistence
self-sufficient farming carried out by individuals to provide food for themselves and their family
134
Sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
135
Sustainable agriculture
the capacity of agricultural practices over time to provide sufficient food in ways that are economically efficient and profitable, socially responsible and environmentally sound
136
Sustainable development
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
137
Syndrome X
(also called metabolic syndrome) when a person exhibits a range of factors that increase their risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Examples of the factors include abdominal obesity, high cholesterol and insulin resistance.
138
Syphilis
a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact. Without treatment, it can damage the heart, brain or other organs, and can be life threatening. It can be passed from mother to an unborn child.
139
Tropical diseases
a group of diseases that mainly occur in tropical and subtropical environments and are most common in countries where people lack access to safe water and sanitation
140
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR)
the number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births (WHO, 2008)
141
Urban slums
a settlement, neighbourhood or region comprised of housing that does not provide the essential conditions required to live a healthy life
142
Vector
a living thing that carries and transmits pathogens to other living things
143
Vector control
actions taken to control and eradicate the carriers of disease and infection
144
Venereal disease
a disease contracted by sexual intercourse with a person already infected; a sexually transmitted infection
145
Years lost due to disability (YLD)
a measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to disease, injury or disability
146
Years of life lost (YLL)
a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death
