Health and the people- The Industrial Era Flashcards
(31 cards)
What was the industrialised method of innoculation?
The ‘Sutton’ method
What were the negatives of innoculation?
- innoculation could result in a more strong dose of small pox that could kill them
- patients that had been innoculated could still pass the disease on to someone else
What did Jenner use to cure smallpox and when?
Cowpox [1798]
Why weren’t Jenner’s ideas initially accepted?
- many doctors prophited from innoculation and therefore disliked vaccination
- it was difficult to explain how vaccination worked, Jenner couldn’t explain it
What promoted Jenner’s ideas?
- members of the Royal family were vaccinated
- 1853 British Government made vaccination compulsory
When did the British government make smallpox vaccination compulsory?
1853 British Government made vaccination compulsory
Who was the dentist that noticed that fairground laughing gas (nitrus oxide) could be used as an anasthetic?
Thomas Beddoes [1844]
What was used before chloroform? What were its negatives?
- Ether
- William Clarke discovered it
- difficult to inhale
- flammable
- induced vomiting
When was chloroform discovered and by who?
- James Simpson
- 1847
Why was there initial opposition to chloroform as an anasthetic?
- death of Hannah Greener due to a chloroform overdose (1848)
- Church believing that women should endure the pain of childbirth as it’s God’s punishment
What increased acceptance of chloroform as an anasthetic?
John Snow calculated the correct amounts needed for Queen Victoria, she used it during one of her child births and this also changed more christian views about the use of chloroform as the Queen was considered head of the church
Who discovered germs? When? How?
Loius Pasteur
1860s
Pasteur looked at how wine and beer often became sour
He showed through using swan-neck flask experiments that exposure to air allowed microbial growth and that heating to the right temperature would kill all the microbes
What were other beliefs before germ theory?
- spontaneous generation
- miasma
- contagion
When was Lister’s first experiment? What happened?
- A boy had his leg run over with a cart
- his bones were sticking out of his leg
- Lister straightened the boys leg and bandaged it with dessings soaked in carbolic acid
- the boy’s leg healed without infection
Who discovered antiseptics?
Joseph Lister [1867 published research]
What did Lister encourage?
Use of cabolic acid to spray over surgeons gloves and aprons as well as soaking bandages in the acid
Whose ideas did Lister use to support his own findings?
Pasteur’s germ theory
Why was there opposition to Lister’s ideas?
- many believed in spontaneous generation rather than Pasteur’s germ theory
- many surgeons felt their methods were equally as effective
- many surgeons didn’t like how carbolic acid made their hands crack or didn’t like inhaling it
What plague was clearly used to recognise that microbes spread disease in the Industrial era?
Cattle Plague of 1866
- a microbe was found under a microscope
- conclusions were made that identified the cattle plague as a contagious disease
Who worked in support of Pasteur’s germ theory and linked it to Lister’s work?
John Tyndall- looked at microbes under microscopes too
Who discovered that different germs caused different diseases and when?
Robert Koch [1876 → Anthrax microobes]
Statistic about cholera and date
[1881] 50,000 people died
Why were industrial era cities so dirty?
- Poorly built housing that was built quickly to house workers in new factories
- Infrastructure wasn’t built to support them
- few / no toilets so many emptied buckets out into the street or into the river
