health-AT2

Question 1

Outline a Similarity and a difference between incidence and prevalence? 2 marks

Answer 1

Incidence and prevalence are both measures of health status. Incidence is …….. Prevalence is ……

Question 2

What is the full form of OA

Answer 2

On arrival and osteoarthritis.

Question 3

Explain how ABTI can have lower Physical health and well-being yet higher overall health and well-being when compared to non-indigenous Australians. 6 marks

Answer 3

B/C ABTI may have decreased (physical) which may be due to high rates of smoking this may lead to an increase in the inhalation of carcinogenic materials which may lead to a decrease in the efficient functioning of the body systems e.g. respiratory which may lead to an increase in the number of ABTI people being diagnosed with lung cancer as compared to non-ABTI.Also, ABTI people may have decreased (Physical) as they may be at greater risk of obesity which may lead to increased pain on joints this may lead to an increase in the number of people being diagnosed with osteoarthritis which may lead to an inability to do daily tasks with ease such as bending down to grab items this may be due to the increased pain on joints in ABTI as compared to non-ABTI. However, ABTI may have increased (Spiritual) as they may have increased connection to their land and culture, therefore increasing (spiritual) in ABTI people as compared to non-ABTI people. . Also, ABTI may have increased (Social) as they may have an increased ability to adapt to different social situations such as talking to the elders in their community, therefore increasing (Social) in ABTI as compared to non-ABTI.

Question 4

Explain how positive health and wellbeing can impact another two dimensions of health and wellbeing( 6 marks)

Answer 4

Having positive (Spiritual) such as a sense of connection to their family can increase their meaningful and satisfying relationships when they come together at gatherings therefore increasing (social). Having positive (Spiritual) such as having a job may increase the sense of purpose in life this may lead to a decrease in financial stress therefore increasing (mental).

Question 5

Outline how accessing the Abstudy could positively impact the health status of ABTI people. (2 marks)

Answer 5

B/C- accessing the Abstudy programme can increase the levels of education amongst the ABTI people. This can lead to an increased knowledge around the dangers of smoking and vaping thus decreasing the risk of sticky blood which could lead to myocardial infarction causing premature death. Thus Increasing the life expectancy Of ABTI people.

Question 6

How do Acholic drinks LEAD TO E.A.T?

Answer 6

B/C alcoholic drinks are energy dense—-> and increase risk of +ve energy balance—> Increased risk of E.A.T.

Question 7

How does low fibre lead to colorectal cancer?

Answer 7

B/C Low fibre —–> Increased risk of constipation—–> Allows cancer-causing agents to linger in the bowel and increase the risk of developing tumours—> Colorectal-Cancer.

Question 8

How does High saturated fat intake lead to CVD?

Answer 8

B/C High Saturated Fat intake is energy dense—>Increase level of LDL—> Increase risk of build-up of Cholestrol on blood vessel walls—>a decrease in the amount of blood being supplied to the heart—> Increased strain on the heart—-> increased risk of CVD.

Question 9

How does Inadequate physical activity levels lead to Obesity?

Answer 9

B/C Inadequate physical activity levels —-> decreased energy output—-> Increased risk of positive energy balance—> Increased risk of obesity.

Question 10

How does increased body weight lead to CVD?

Answer 10

B/C Increased body weight—->Obesity—->E.A.T—->Increased strain on heart—>CVD.

Question 11

How does increased body weight lead to T2DM?

Answer 11

B/C Increased body weight—->Obesity—->damage to insulin receptors—–>Impaired glucose regulation—-> T2DM.

Question 12

How does increased body weight lead to HTN?

Answer 12

B/C Increased body weight—->Obesity—> Increased strain on heart—-> HTN.

Question 13

How does increased body weight lead to Osteoarthritis?

Answer 13

B/C Increased body weight—->Obesity—> Increased pressure on joints—–> Increased inflammation and pain on joints—–>Osteoarthritis.

Question 14

Identify a biological factor affecting health and explain how it contributes to the variation in LE For ABTI as compared to non-ABTI people. (2 marks )

Answer 14

High body weight (Biological). B/C ABTI have a higher body weight leading to increased E.A.T around the heart then this can increase the strain on the heart. Therefore increasing the risk of MI and premature death from cardiac arrest decreasing L.E. IN ABTI PEOPLE AS COMPARED TO NON-ABTI PEOPLE.

Question 15

Explain the impact risk taking behavior is likely to have on the health status of Australians aged 12 to 18 years ( 2 marks)

Answer 15

Because risk taking behavior’s e.g. swimming while intoxicated can impair coordination and increase the risk of drowning. Then this may result in premature death lowering the life expectancy of 12 to 18 year old Australians therefore lowering the health status of Australians age 12 to 18 years.

Question 16

Making specific reference to the data, identify similarity and difference in the leading causes of death for Australians aged 1 to 24 years ( 4 marks)

Answer 16

( condition X) are/is a leading cause of ( death/morbidity/ect) for both ( x-y) and (a-b) age groups e.g. ranked 1st for (a-b) year olds, and ranked 2nd for (x-y) year olds. Additionally ( condition Y) is a leading cause of ( death/morbidity/ect) among ( x-y) year olds e.g. 2nd top ranked cause of ( death/morbidity/ect) whereas it does not appear in the top (5/4/ect) causes of ( death/morbidity/ect) for (a-b year olds)

Question 17

Explain the impact of a land traffic accident on physical health and well being (2 marks)

Answer 17

Because land traffic accident could result in a fractured wrist then this could impair an individual’s ability to engage in daily tasks e.g. washing dishes/showering therefore lowering (physical).

Question 18

Explain the impact of a land traffic accident on social health and well being (2 marks)

Answer 18

Because land traffic accidents can result in serious injury requiring over a long period of time then this can result in the loss of meaningful and satisfying connections e.g. friends at work therefore lowering (social).

Question 19

Explain the impact of a land traffic accident on mental health and well being (2 marks)

Answer 19

Because land traffic accidents can leave painful memories for individuals involved in the drama of an accident. Then this can lead to mental illnesses such as anxiety and lower and individuals ability to think and process information clearly, overall lowering (mental).

Question 20

Explain the impact of a land traffic accident on emotional health and well being (2 marks)

Answer 20

Because land traffic accidents that can cause severe injury E.g. leg amputation that may require a long commitment to rehabilitation in order to walk again such as a prosthetic limb, then this could result in higher levels of resilience to overcome these challenges, therefore increasing (emotional).

Question 21

Explain the impact of a land traffic accident on spiritual health and well being (2 marks)

Answer 21

Because land traffic accidents can result in injuries such as fractured limbs which can cause pain requiring rest, then this may mean an individual could be unable to participate in the usual activities such as community sport which may result in them feeling a decrease sense of belonging, therefore lowering (spiritual).

Question 22

Describe a health promotion that targets…. ( 3 marks)

Answer 22

A joint parternship/ solely run by…… helps raise awareness of the……. The programme engages the target audienence of ( insert target audience) throught the medium of ….. and also uses….. to help build awarness and promote……using the (catchy slogan-if there is one)
It specifically aims to educated throught video advertisements to ( tell what is does).

Question 23

Outline a limitation of the “ “ campaign

Answer 23

A limitation of the “ “ campaign is that it……. . Therefore, it is not likely to ……… . Therefore limiting its ability to…… . It could improve by using a variety of…….., thus ( example- reaching a wider target audience).

Question 24

Explain the impact smoking/vaping is likely to have on the health status of Australians (2 marks)

Answer 24

Because smoking slash wiping can lead to conditions such as lung cancer, the abnormal and uncontrollable growth of cells in the lungs. This may lead talks with not being able to be transferred to cells and lead to premature death does decreasing life expectancy and lowering the health status of Australians.

Question 25

Outline the impact smoking/vaping is likely to have on the physical health and wellbeing (2 marks)

Answer 25

Smoking could result in the increase shortness of breath which could impair an individual’s ability to engage in daily physical tasks e.g. getting upstairs with ease, therefore lowering (physical).

Question 26

Discuss the likely effectiveness of the “ “ campaign ( 3 marks)

Answer 26

The “ “ campaign is likely to be an effective campaign.
It includes TV advertisements which are free to access e.g. On the Internet or TV. Therefore, it is affordable to all people no matter their SES And is therefore more effective.
The programme includes education on how to…………….. .
Therefore, this information can be used now and passed on to future generations from long term benefit.

Question 27

Explain the impact for sun safety is likely to have on the health status of Australians. (2 marks)

Answer 27

Because Poor sun safety such as not wearing sunscreen can lead to skin cancer e.g. Melanoma. This uncontrollable an abnormal cell growth may result in premature death, lowering the life expectancy of Australians, therefore lowering the health status of Australians.

Question 28

Explain the impact of skin cancer on the physical health and wellbeing. (2 marks)

Answer 28

Skin cancer e.g. BCC which is the abnormal and uncontrollable growth of basal cells could result in the spread of tumor’s which could impair an individual ability to engage in daily physical tasks with ease e.g. shopping for groceries and bringing them in from the car therefore lowering (physical).

Question 29

Explain the impact poor water safety can have on the health status of Australians (2 marks)

Answer 29

Because poor water safety e.g. not wearing a life jacket when in a boat can increase risk of drowning then this may result in the premature death, lowering the life expectancy of Australians therefore lowering health status.

Question 30

Explain the impact of a near drowning on mental health and well being. (2 marks)

Answer 30

Because near drowning could result in a fear of water which would impair an individuals ability to have confidence near water and then they may have increased anxiety about being near water easy going to the beach therefore lowering (mental).

Question 31

Using your understanding of factors that impact variations in health explain the above data and how it impacts variations in health status and explain the health and well being for aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders compared to non indigenous Australians. ( 8 marks).

Answer 31

Opening: aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders generally have decreased health status and health and well being compared to non indigenous Australians due to factors such as ( insert factors) differences.
BP1: because aboriginal and Torres strait Islanders have lower ( factor) ( insert what type of factor socio/eco/cult) due to……. ( source x) compare to non indigenous Australians. Then they are less likely to be able to ( example-afford nutrient dense foods e.g. fresh foods high in fibre), Therefore they are mire likely to suffer from ………. Because of decreased (insert buzz words of ( P/S/E/SP/M H&WB) decreasing ( P/S/E/SP/M H&WB) ( source x) leading it more likely to cause deaths, increasing mortality rates compared to non-indigenous ( source x).
BP2: Same structure.
Conclusion: ` Add aboriginal interest rate Islanders are impacted more by factors such as
(insert factors) they have lower ( insert 2-H&WB’S) health and well being and health status compared to non indigenous Australians

Question 32

Explain or motor vehicle accidents could contribute to increase rates of morbidity.( 2 marks)

Answer 32

Motor vehicle accidents can result in injuries such as fractures which can cause ill health due to pain and limited range of motion. Add health can increase levels/rates of morbidity.

Question 33

Using data, identifier trend in the graph above.( 2 marks)

Answer 33

As the years progress from( x-y) there is generally a increase/decrease in the

Question 34

Explain what is meant by hypoxia and how it could lead to necrosis. ( 2 marks)

Answer 34

Hypoxia refers to do you abnormal condition of decreased levels of oxygen which can lead to necrosis premature cell death as cells require oxygen.

Question 35

Explain how diet can act as a protective and risk factor for obesity.( 4 marks)

Answer 35

Because foods high in fibre such as apples lead to decreased blood glucose levels in the body and increased satiety as they reduce the constant urge to snack this could lead to a decrease risk of a positive energy balance therefore decreasing the risks of obesity. Foods high in trans fats such as supermarket cakes and pies can lead to increased blood glucose levels in the body and decrease satiety as they can lead to an increase constant urge to snack this could lead to an increase risk of a positive energy balance therefore increasing the risks of obesity.

Question 36

Smoking and vaping can lead to “sticky blood”. Explain how smoking and vaping could cause my myocardial infraction. ( 2 marks )

Answer 36

Because smoking/vaping can lead to the inhalation of carcinogenic materials this can lead an increased risk of sticky blood. Sticky blood is chemicals in the blood that make the blood more sticky this can increase the risk of clots forming in the blood vessels feeding the heart, this can lead to decreased risk of oxygen and blood to the heart muscle which can lead to increased strain on heart which may lead to an increased risk of a myocardial infraction.

Question 37

Explain how increased rates of obesity is likely to affect the health status of Australians. (2 marks)

Answer 37

Because there are increased rates over B city this can then increase rates of CVD due to increased strain on the heart, which can lead to a myocardial infarction which can often be fatal. This may result in premature death, decreasing life expectancy and therefore lowering the health status of Australians.

Question 38

Explain the impact of obesity on physical health and well-being. (2 marks)

Answer 38

Because being obese results in increased levels of excess adipose tissue around the heart then there could be increased strain on the heart decreasing the efficient functioning of the cardiovascular system and therefore decreasing (physical).