Health Behavior Theory

Question 1

Health Belief Model (HBM)

Answer 1

Predicts why people will take action to prevent, to screen for, or to control illness conditions; including susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, or barriers to a behavior, cues to action, and self-efficacy

Question 2

Perceived Susceptibility (HBM)

Answer 2

One’s opinion of chances of getting a condition

Question 3

Perceived Severity (HBM)

Answer 3

One’s opinion of how serious a condition is and what its consequences are

Question 4

Perceived Benefits (HBM)

Answer 4

One’s belief in the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impact

Question 5

Perceived Barriers (HBM)

Answer 5

One’s opinion of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action

Question 6

Cues to Action (HBM)

Answer 6

Strategies to activate “readiness”

Question 7

Self-Efficacy (HBM)

Answer 7

Confidence in one’s ability to take action

Question 8

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)

Answer 8

Human behavior is the product of the dynamic interplay between personal, behavioral, and environmental influences. Focuses on people’s potential abilities to alter and construct environments to suit purposes they devise for themselves.

Question 9

Reciprocal Determinism (SCT)

Answer 9

Environmental factors influence individuals and groups, but individuals and groups can also influence their environments and regulate their own bx

Question 10

Outcome Expectations (SCT)

Answer 10

Beliefs about the likelihood and value of the consequences of behavioral choices

Question 11

Self-efficacy (SCT)

Answer 11

Beliefs about personal ability to perform behaviors that bring desired outcomes

Question 12

Collective Efficacy (SCT)

Answer 12

Beliefs about the ability of a group to perform concerted actions that bring desired outcomes

Question 13

Observational Learning (SCT)

Answer 13

Learning to perform new behaviors by exposure to interpersonal or media displays of them, particularly through peer modeling

Question 14

Incentive Motivation (SCT)

Answer 14

The use and misuse of rewards and punishments to modify behavior

Question 15

Facilitation (SCT)

Answer 15

Providing tools, resources, or environmental changes that make new behaviors easier to perform

Question 16

Self-Regulation (SCT)

Answer 16

Controlling oneself through self-monitoring, goal-setting, feedback, self reward, self-instruction, and enlistment of social support

Question 17

Moral Disengagement (SCT)

Answer 17

Ways of thinking about harmful behaviors and the people who are harmed that make infliction of suffering acceptable by disengaging self-regulatory moral standards

Question 18

How do you increase self-efficacy?

Answer 18

Mastery experience
Social modeling
Improving physical and emotional states
Verbal persuasion

Question 19

Transtheoretical Model/Stages of Change (TTM)

Answer 19

Uses stages of change to integrate processes and principles of change across major theories of intervention.

Question 20

Precontemplation (TTM)

Answer 20

No intention to take action w/in 6 months

Question 21

Contemplation (TTM)

Answer 21

Intends to take action w/in 6 months

Question 22

Preparation (TTM)

Answer 22

Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral steps in this direction

Question 23

Action (TTM)

Answer 23

Changed overt bx for less than 6 months

Question 24

Maintenance (TTM)

Answer 24

Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months

Question 25

Termination (TTM)

Answer 25

No temptation to relapse and 100% confidence

Question 26

What are some processes of change according to the trans theoretical model?

Answer 26

``` Consciousness raising Dramatic relief Self-reevaluation Environmental reevaluation Self-liberation Helping relationships Counterconditioning Reinforcement management Stimulus control Social liberation ```

Question 27

Social Ecological Model (SEM)

Answer 27

Emphasize the environmental and policy contexts of behavior, while incorporating social and psychological influences. Individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy

Question 28

Principles of ecological perspectives of health behavior change

Answer 28

Multiple levels of factors influence health behaviors Influences interact across levels Multi-level interventions should be most effective in changing behavior Ecological models are most powerful when they are behavior-specific

Question 29

What are the biological, psychological, and social reasons why people continue to smoke?

Answer 29

Nicotine is addictive (biological) Expectations about smoking, coping mechanism, regulates negative mood, and increases attention (psychological) Social groups, SES, culture, availability of tobacco, connection of smoking with life activities (social)

Question 30

Smoking Assessment and Treatment

Answer 30

Policy Changes: increasing costs of cigarettes, taxes, smoke-free workplaces, counter advertising PCPs are the ones most seen for cessation support Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange Pharmacotherapies CBT Counseling challenges and reframes unproductive thoughts and bxs

Question 31

Factors that contribute to obesity

Answer 31

``` Genetic vulnerability Family behavior patterns Low SES Stress and depression Eating and exercise patterns within social networks Yo-yo dieting ```

Question 32

CBT Intervention for Obesity

Answer 32

``` Self-monitoring Stimulus control Controlling over-eating Adding exercise Controlling self-talk Stress management Social Support Relapse prevention ```

Question 33

Principles of Motivational Interviewing

Answer 33

Express Empathy Develop Discrepancy Roll with Resistance Support Self-Efficacy

Question 34

How does stress affect health?

Answer 34

Physiologically Unhealthy behaviors Fewer psychosocial resources Reduced use of health services and adherence

Question 35

Coping Interventions

Answer 35

``` Mindfulness-based interventions Expressive writing Self-affirmation Relaxation training Goal setting and time management Self-monitoring, cognitive restructuring, assertiveness ```

Question 36

Pain control techniques

Answer 36

``` Pharmacological (morphine, acetaminophen) Surgical Sensory (counterirritation) Biofeedback Relaxation training Distraction Coping skills training CBT techniques (re-conceptualize the problem, recognize the patient's active role, monitor thoughts and feelings and behaviors, teach adaptive responses, prevent relapse, help control emotional responses to pain) ```

Question 37

What is community-based participatory research

Answer 37

A collaborative approach to research that equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each brings. CBPR begins with a research topic of importance to the community and has the aim of combining knowledge with action and achieving social change to improve community health and eliminate health disparities.

Question 38

Biological Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Disease

Answer 38

Metabolic Syndrome Cardiovascular Reactivity Heritability

Question 39

Social Risk Factors of CHD

Answer 39

``` Low SES Work Social instability Social support Early family environment ```

Question 40

Psychological Risk Factors of CHD

Answer 40

``` Depression Stress and anxiety Helplessness, pessimism Hostility, anger Positive emotions protective ```

Question 41

Interventions for Chronic Illness

Answer 41

``` CBT Coping skills Expressive writing Relaxation/Mindfulness Exercise Social Support (groups) Teaching family members Art, music, etc. ```

Question 42

How do you improve immune functioning through lifestyle changes?

Answer 42

``` Stress management Expressive writing Relaxation Meditation Yoga Tai Chi ```

Question 43

Psychosocial Interventions for Cancer

Answer 43

``` CBT for stress, depression, pain, fatigue, appetite MBSR Exercise Smoking Cessation Expressive Writing Individual Therapy Family Therapy Group Therapy Support Groups ```

Question 44

Placebo Effect in the Brain

Answer 44

Placebos can stimulate endogenous opioids | fMRI show reduced pain after taking placebo and associated with decreased activity in pain-sensitive brain regions

Question 45

Determinants of the Placebo Effect

Answer 45

Provider Behavior Patient Cognitions Situational Factors