Health Care and Ethics

Question 1

Describe the differences and beliefs of Western Medicine
and terms placebo, the placebo effect and control group.

Answer 1

Western Medicine observes the scientific method: observe, research, and experiment and analyse. Bases its treatments on symptoms.
Terms:
Placebo- fake sugar pill patients take with no medicine. Baseline for testing.
Control group- A group not taking the drug.

Question 2

Describe the differences and beliefs of Traditional Medicine and the terms smudging and sweat lodge.

Answer 2

Indigenous people practiced Traditional Medicine. They used the resources around them to treat symptoms. Knowledge is passed down from generations.

Question 3

Describe the differences and beliefs of the CAM method.

Answer 3

Self-help practices, therapies and healing systems that do not have widespread acceptance within the conventional medical system. People often will use these beside other treatments (complimentary) or by themselves to help solve minor problems (alternative).

Question 4

The medicine wheel symbolizes:

Answer 4

Interconnection of all life from natural cycles (spiritual, emotional, mental, and physical)

Question 5

Seven-step process to solving ethical dilemmas in the medical field.

Answer 5

The case, the problem, alternatives, key considerations (is it equal?)) (autonomy, benefits and harms, and justice), resolution, and next steps

Question 6

What are the three main macro nutrients?

Answer 6

Proteins, Lipids and Carbohydrates

Question 7

Explain dehydration synthesis.

Answer 7

A bond made by taking away water. This makes a disaccharide.

Question 8

What is a monomer?
List the monomers of each macronutrients.

Answer 8

A single unit of macronutrients.
Carbs- monosaccharides
Protein- amino acids
Lipids- fatty acids

Question 10

Different types of carbs, their differences, and how they are used in the body.

Answer 10

Mono, di, and poly saccharides.
(One, two, and three or more)
Carbs are used for energy in the body. Each must be broken down into monosaccharides to be properly digested by the body.

Question 11

Different types of lipids.

Answer 11

All fats are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, They are organized in a chain with fatty acid tails. Fats are different because of how each tail is shaped.

Question 12

What are Trans fats?

Answer 12

Trans fats come from adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats. These can raise Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol that increases rates of heart disease. Opposite hydrogen atoms make it difficult to break apart.

Question 13

What are Saturated Fats?

Answer 13

Has no double bonds in the molecule as it is saturated with hydrogen molecules.

Question 14

What are Unsaturated Fats?

Answer 14

Has at least 1 double bond causing bends in the molecule. More space makes it easier for enzymes to break it down in the body.

Question 15

What is LDL?

Answer 15

Low-density Lipoprotein carries cholesterol that sticks to arteries and eventually blocks blood flow.

Question 16

What is HDL?

Answer 16

High-density Lipoprotein removes cholesterol and returns it to the liver rather than clogging arteries.

Question 17

What are proteins?

Answer 17

Proteins are made up of amino acids and function as hormones, enzymes and antibodies in the immune system.

Question 18

What are enzymes?

Answer 18

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in our body.

Question 19

What are essential and non-essential amino acids?

Answer 19

Essential amino acids are required through your diet. These can also be turned into other forms.
Non-essential amino acids are not required to be consumed and your body can produce them on its own.

Question 20

Names for large intestine parts.

Answer 20

Ascending, transverse, descending.

Question 21

What does the large intestine do?

Answer 21

Absorbs water.

Question 22

What does the liver do?

Answer 22

Filters blood and creates bile to break down fats.

Question 23

Name of enzyme in the salivary glands that breaks down carbs.

Answer 23

Amylase.

Question 24

What are the three functions of the digestive system?

Answer 24

Break down food, Release enzymes (secretions) and waste, and absorb nutrients for the body.

Question 25

How are other body systems connected to the digestive system?

Answer 25

The cardiovascular is connected because of villi. Arteries supply the digestive system with oxygen and processed nutrients. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The Urinary system is connected to the digestive system because it does the same things with liquids. Kidneys convert Vitamin D into its active form, allowing calcium absorption in the small intestine.

Question 26

What is the function of the ureter?

Answer 26

A tube that brings urine to the bladder to be stored.

Question 27

What are the Renal Arteries?

Answer 27

Arteries that supply blood to the kidneys.

Question 28

What are nephrons?

Answer 28

Microscopic functional units that filter urine.

Question 29

What is tubular reabsorption?

Answer 29

Movement of water, sugar, and salt that is taken back in to the bloodstream after waste has been removed.

Question 30

What is the Renal Pelvis?

Answer 30

A funnel in the kidneys.

Question 31

What does the Medulla contain?

Answer 31

A majority of the nephrons that filter blood.

Question 32

What is the Renal vein?

Answer 32

Veins that take away blood from the kidneys.

Question 33

What are the three types of carbs?

Answer 33

Mono, di, and polysaccharides.

Question 34

Difference between a monounsaturated fat and a polyunsaturated fat.

Answer 34

Mono has one double bond and poly has a lot of them.

Question 35

Where is the Mitral Valve?

Answer 35

The first valve that oxygenated blood passes through before it gets pushed to the Aortic valve, which in turns pushes blood throughout the entire body.

Question 36

Name of blood vessel that brings blood to the lungs.

Answer 36

Pulmonary Artery.

Question 37

Different types of blood valves.

Answer 37

Tricuspid (three) and Bicuspid (two). Bicuspid valves are found throughout the entire body, allowing consistent blood flow, especially in the legs and arms.

Question 38

What does the sinotrial node do?

Answer 38

The sinoatrial node controls the contractions of the atria in the heart. The one that controls the ventricles is called the atrioventricular node.

Question 39

Name the components of blood.

Answer 39

Blood contains nutrients, waste, and gases (oxygen). It is 55% plasma, and 45% cellular components (red and white blood cells, and platelets)

Question 40

How does our body protect us from blood that is not ours?

Answer 40

The immune system attacks blood it doesn't recognize by proteins in the red blood cells (antigens).

Question 41

Name the universal recipient and the universal donor for blood types.

Answer 41

The universal recipient is type AB+. It has no plasma antibodies to react and does not cause major clogging. Type O- is the universal donor, because it doesn't contain any A or B anitgens and the proteins are diluted enough that it doesn't cause a major problem.

Question 42

Where are antibodies in the blood?

Answer 42

Located in plasma.

Question 43

Where are antigens in the blood?

Answer 43

Antigens stick to red blood cells.

Question 44

How do you identify a stroke?

Answer 44

The acronym FAST. Face drooping, arm weakness, slurring, speech and time.

Question 45

What causes a stroke?

Answer 45

A narrowed blood vessel or clot.

Question 46

Name the parts of an Electrocardiogram.

Answer 46

The P Wave is the beating of the Atria, the QRS complex is the Ventricles (to the whole body), and the T wave is the electrical reset of the ventricles.

Question 47

What is diastolic pressure?

Answer 47

Pressure when the heart is at rest.

Question 48

What is systolic pressure?

Answer 48

How much force the heart pushes with when it beats.

Question 49

What does the Parietal Lobe do in the brain?

Answer 49

Touch and sensory information from the world.

Question 50

What does the Amygdala do?

Answer 50

Controls fear and pleasure, and the fight or flight response.

Question 51

What does the Thalamus do?

Answer 51

It is the relay center of the brain.

Question 52

What does the Temporal lobe do?

Answer 52

Deals with recognition of objects and faces and sounds/smell.

Question 53

What is MS?

Answer 53

A neurodegenerative disease caused by the immune system attacking the myelin sheaths of neurons.

Question 54

How do you diagnose MS?

Answer 54

By a spinal tap, blood test, or MRI. An MRI will show areas of damage in the brain, and spinal tap will find an infection in the spinal fluid.

Question 55

How do you treat MS?

Answer 55

Immunosuppresants. These suppress the immune system and slow the disease down.

Question 56

Explain the structure and function of a neuron and their function.

Answer 56

The main parts of a neuron are the soma, axon, dendrites, and the myelin sheath. The soma maintains cell structure and function, the axon sends signal around the body using electrical impulses, and the dendrites receive chemical signals.

Question 57

What are the three types of neurons?

Answer 57

Sensory (Afferent), Motor (Efferent), and Inter neurons.

Question 58

Name the function of sensory neurons.

Answer 58

To sense stimuli and receive information, sending it to the brain.

Question 59

Name the function of Motor neurons.

Answer 59

To carry signals to muscles from the brain.

Question 60

Name the function of Inter neurons.

Answer 60

Middle guys in between sensory and motor neurons transferring signals. Important for reflexes. Sometimes these will send signals from the spine back to the muscles themselves.

Question 61

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Answer 61

The automatic actions of the body.

Question 62

What does the somatic nervous system control?

Answer 62

The voluntary actions of the body.

Question 63

What is the peripheral nervous system? What is it made up of?

Answer 63

The nervous system near the surface of your whole body, sensing things. Made up of the Somatic and autonomic neurons.

Question 64

What happens during an action potential?

Answer 64

A cell at rest is sitting at -70mV. When an electrical signal is sent down the axon, it raises the voltage. If the voltage passes -55mV, an action potential will happen. During depolarization, Sodium channels are opened and sodium is let in. To combat this, in re-polarization, Potassium channels are opened and potassium leaks out, and the cell calms down again after hyper-polarization back to its resting state.