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Biology Paper 1 – Exam Questions > Health & Disease > Flashcards

Health & Disease Flashcards

1
Q

To prevent transmission of chlamydia..

A

• avoid sexual contact
• use a condom/femidom
• screen people for an infection
• treat infection / give antibiotics

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2
Q

Explain why chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics

A

• killed by antibiotics
• because chlamydia is caused by bacteria

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3
Q

Cholera is spread…

A

in (contaminated) water

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4
Q

Malaria is spread…

A

by animal vectors

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5
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver is caused by…

A

Drinking too much alcohol

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6
Q

Health advice for people about drinking alcohol

A

• reduce alcohol intake / dont drink it
• drinking alcohol with meals —> lower risk of developing cirrhosis than drinking alcohol on its own

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7
Q

State two ways that communicable diseases are different from non-communicable diseases

A

• communicable - passed from person to person
• communicable - caused by pathogens
• communicable diseases can’t be inherited

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8
Q

Explain one way that the spread of tuberculosis can be reduced or prevented

A

• avoid close contact with infected people
• because spread of TB is airborne droplets / spread through air

OR
• vaccination/immunisation
• to provide immunity

OR
• treat infected people with antibiotics
• reduces number of infected people

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9
Q

Describe how cancer develops in the liver (2 marks)

A

• mutations in DNA
• cell division is uncontrolled
• leading to formation of a tumour

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10
Q

Waist-to-hip ratio measurements can be used to determine…

A

The risk of a person developing cardiovascular disease

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11
Q

DNA is replicated in the stage of…

A

Interphase

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12
Q

Explain why people with AIDS are more susceptible to TB

A

• HIV destroys white blood cells / weakens immune system
• so body is unable to destroy TB pathogen

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13
Q

Children are vaccinated against tetanus (bacteria). Explain why these children do not get get tetanus if bacteria enter their body through a cut in their skin (3 marks)

A

• memory lymphocytes
• produce antibodies
• leading to a secondary (immune) response

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14
Q

White blood cells produce…

A

antibodies to kill bacteria

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15
Q

Explain why men have different BMI values if they both have a mass of 80kg

A

• BMI calculation takes into account height too
• obese man must be shorter / normal man is taller

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16
Q

State two factors that the scientist should control when selecting 40 obese people to see how dieting can reduce effect of cardiovascular disease

A

• similar BMI
• similar amount of exercise
• same gender profile

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17
Q

Devise a plan you could use to test the effectiveness of the new diet using 40 obese people

A

• weigh 40 obese people
• half follow new diet & half keep their normal diet
• after a fixed period of time, re-weigh the 40 people

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18
Q

Dietary factors a person should consider when choosing a drink

A

• energy content
• fat content
• vitamin & mineral content
• caffeine level
• alcohol content
• sugar content

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19
Q

Define health (WHO)

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

20
Q

Explain how people become infected with both chlamydia and gonorrhoea

A

• both are STI infections spread by sexual contact
• individuals aren’t using a barrier contraception method (condom)

21
Q

State why toothpaste does not kill all bacteria on test (agar test)

A

• still bacteria on agar plate
• test not done on teeth
• conditions in mouth different

22
Q

Cancer cells are added to B lymphocytes to produce…

A

Hybridoma

23
Q

Explain why monoclonal antibodies, used to detect blood group A, would not react with a person with Blood type B

A

• antibodies react with specific antigens
• B antigen has different shape
• therefore it doesn’t bind to B antigen

24
Q

Describe how the specific immune system defends the body against disease (3 marks)

A

• pathogens have antigens
• so antibodies are produced
• memory lymphocytes produced
• causes a secondary response

25
Q

Describe how a monoclonal antibody can be developed and used to detect an STI using a urine sample (6 marks)

A

• inject antigen into a mouse
• collect lymphocytes producing an antibody to the STI antigen
• use B-lymphocytes with a myeloma cell
• to produce a hybridoma
• hybridoma produces a monoclonal antibody against the antigen of STI
• attach monoclonal antibody to coloured bead / indicator
• incorporate into a test strip

26
Q

Describe the different treatments available for cardiovascular disease

A

• surgery to treat narrow / blocked arteries
• lifestyle changes (healthy diet/exercise more)
• medication to prevent blood clots/ reduce blood pressure

27
Q

Explain how an adult develops immunity to the toxin

A

• adult is vaccinated/immunised
• memory/b-lymphocytes/antibodies produced
• stimulates an immune response

28
Q

Explain why a wired loop to spread bacteria on an agar plate was heated in a Bunsen burner flame before being used

A

• flame kills all bacteria/microorganisms on loop
• so no unwanted microorganisms spread on agar plate
OR
• so it’s not contaminated

29
Q

Penicillin inhibits the synthesis of the cell wall in bacteria. Explain the effect of penicillin on bacterial & human cells (3 marks)

A

• penicillin prevents bacteria from dividing as they cannot make a new cell wall
• because humans have no cell wall
• they are unaffected by penicillin

30
Q

Precautions needed to prevent contamination of the agar jelly plate

A

• keep lid on at all times
• use sterile equipment
• autoclave agar
• wear gloves/mask
• work close to a Bunsen burner

31
Q

Give a reason why agar plated are incubated at 37 degrees

A

To provide optimal growth conditions

32
Q

Myxopyronin inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase. Explain why this antibiotic can be used to treat bacterial infections in humans (4)

A

• antibiotics destroy bacteria
• prevents production of mRNA
• during transcription
• prevents proteins being produced

33
Q

Measles is a disease caused by a virus.
State why people might not be immunised against measles

A

• concerns over side effects of immunisation
• medical reason for not being immunised
• too young to be vaccinated
• no access to healthcare

34
Q

Describe herd immunity

A

• most people are immunised
• so diseases less likely to spread

35
Q

Describe how physical barriers of human body provide protection from diseases

A

• tears wash pathogens away
• ear wax traps pathogens
• nasal hairs trap pathogens
• mucus trap pathogens

• skin is a thick covering over body
• skin has dead cells on its surface
• skin is waterproof
• pathogens unable to enter body through skin

• cilia found on epithelial / lining cells
• cilia move pathogens out of body / into throat

36
Q

Describe how chemical barriers of human body provide protection from diseases

A

• lysozymes are enzymes found in tears, saliva & mucus
• lysozymes kill some bacteria

• hydrochloric acid in stomach
• has a low pH which kills many pathogens (acidic)

• antibodies are present on mucus linings

37
Q

Stages of antibiotic development (3 marks)

A

• pre-clinical stage
• testing on animals
• clinical stage
• testing on patients

38
Q

Explain one benefit to garlic plants of producing antiseptic chemicals

A

• prevents damage to plant
• because chemicals produced by garlic kills pathogens/pests

39
Q

Explain how a gastric band helps a person to lose weight (2)

A

• reduces volume of stomach
• so reduces food intake

• so stored fat is used up / restricts amount of food entering stomach

40
Q

Explain how plants protect themselves from being eaten by pests and against diseases caused by pathogens (6)

A

Physical defences
• plant leaves have waxy cuticles
• waxy cuticles are impermeable
• plants have cell walls
• made of cellulose + difficult for pests to penetrate / pass through
• some plants have spines / hairs to deter pests

Chemical defences
• chemicals deter pests
• production of chemicals are toxic to pests
• unpleasant taste + smell deters pests

41
Q

Explain how waxy cuticle defends leaves against pathogens

A

• waxy cuticle / physical barrier
• prevents pathogens entering leaf

42
Q

Explain how the immune system will respond to an infection caused by bacteria (6 marks)

A

• number of white blood cells increase
• so antibodies are produced
• by lymphocytes
• antibodies surround pathogens

• memory lymphocytes produced
• remains in blood
• then if secondary infection occurs
• memory lymphocytes produce antibodies faster
• so bacteria destroyed faster

43
Q

Explain why exercise can cause weight loss

A

• exercise requires energy/ uses respiration/ burns calories
• which reduces fat

44
Q

Precautions a doctor should take when treating a patient who is infected with bacteria

A

• wear gloves
• wear a mask
• sterilise equipment use
• wash hands after contact
• be immunised

45
Q

Explain why the scientist worked near to a Bunsen burner

A

• to sterilise loop
• to prevent contamination / kill bacteria

46
Q

Safety precautions when handling blood samples

A

• wear gloves/gogglss/cover wounds
• use tongs to handle sample tubes/ clean up spills
• store samples in sealed containers
• dispose samples safely

Biology Paper 1 – Exam Questions (4 decks)

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