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GCSE Biology > Health, Disease And The Development Of Medicines > Flashcards

Health, Disease And The Development Of Medicines Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by pathogens that can be passed on

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3
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease caused by genetics or lifestyle, that cannot be passed on

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4
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes disease

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5
Q

What are the 4 main types of pathogen?

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protist
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6
Q

Describe cholera including:

  • Type of pathogen
  • Symptoms / effects
  • Means of transmission
A
  • Bacteria
  • Causes diarrhoea
  • Spread through water
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7
Q

Describe tuberculosis including:

  • Type of pathogen
  • Symptoms / effects
  • Means of transmission
A
  • Bacteria
  • Causes lung damage
  • Airborne
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8
Q

Describe Chalara ash dieback including:

  • Type of pathogen
  • Symptoms / effects
  • Means of transmission
A
  • Fungi
  • Causes leaf loss and bark lesions
  • Airborne
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9
Q

Describe malaria including:

  • Type of pathogen
  • Symptoms / effects
  • Means of transmission
A
  • Protist
  • Causes damage to blood and liver
  • Transmitted through animal vectors
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10
Q

What is a disease?

A

A problem with a structure or process in the body that is not the result of an injury

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11
Q

How does the presence of one disease lead to a higher susceptibility or another disease?

A

One disease causes damage to the immune system making it easier for pathogens to cause disease

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12
Q

What are the different ways non-communicable diseases can be caused?

A
  • Genetic disorders
  • Malnutrition
  • Other lifestyle choices
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13
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

. mass .
BMI = —————————-
. height2

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14
Q

What causes kwashiorkor?

A

Protein deficiency

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15
Q

What causes scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency

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16
Q

What causes rickets?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

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17
Q

What causes anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency

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18
Q

What are the two different ways to check for obesity?

A
  • Calculating BMI
  • Calculating waist:hip ratio
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19
Q

What does BMI stand for?

A

Body Mass Index

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of rickets?

A

Weak bones

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of anaemia?

A
  • Feeling weak
  • Fainting
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22
Q

What causes liver diseases?

A

Drinking alcohol

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23
Q

What causes cardiovascular diseases?

A

Smoking

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24
Q

What are the different types of treatment for CVD?

A
  • Life-long medication
  • Surgical procedures
  • Lifestyle changes
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25
Q

How does smoking cause CVD?

A
  • Substances from the tobacco smoke damage the artery lining
  • Fat builds up in the artery wall at the site of damage, making the artery narrower
  • A blood clot may block the artery here or break off and block an artery in another part of the body causing a heart attack or stroke
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26
Q

What surgical procedure can be done to treat CVD?

A
  • A stent can be inserted into the narrowed blood vessel to make it wider
  • Blocked arteries in the heart can be bypassed by inserting other blood vessels to supply the oxygen and nutrients
27
Q

What causes a heart attack?

A

A blocked blood vessel in the heart

28
Q

What causes a stroke?

A

A blocked blood vessel in the brain

29
Q

What can indicate a blocked blood vessel?

A

High blood pressure

30
Q

Name 3 lifestyle choices that can reduce the risk of CVD

A
  • Exercise
  • Not smoking
  • Eating a balanced diet
31
Q

Describe helicobacter including:

  • Type of pathogen
  • Symptoms / effects
  • Means of transmission
A
  • Bacteria
  • Causes stomach ulcers
  • Oral transmission
32
Q

What is a virus?

A

A pathogen that invades the cells of a human, replicates and releases toxins that makes a person ill

33
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

By entering a living cell and taking over that cell’s processes for making new genetic material and proteins

34
Q

Describe what happens in the lytic cycle of viral replication

A
  • Virus attaches to a cell and inserts genetic material
  • Cell will begin to produce more viral genetic material and proteins, making more viruses
  • The cell will lyse, releasing the viruses
35
Q

Describe the lysogenic cycle of viral replication

A
  • Virus attaches to cell and inserts genetic material
  • When the cell divides, the viral genetic material will also be produced
  • This will happen many times and eventually something could trigger the lytic cycle to begin in one of those cells
36
Q

Describe 3 plant physical defences against pathogens

A
  • Waxy leaf cuticle on the outside of the leaf, acts as a barrier and prevents cells from becoming infected
  • Each plant cell has a cell wall which acts as a physical barrier against pathogens
  • Thorns and hairs to prevent damage from potential animal vectors
37
Q

Describe 2 plant chemical defences against pathogens

A
  • By producing antibacterial chemicals to kill bacteria, these are now used in antiseptics for humans
  • Producing toxins to deter herbivores
38
Q

How can plant diseases be identified?

A
  • Scientists will visit the location
  • They will look for other factors that could cause similar symptoms eg. Damage to leaves caused by animals
  • They will try to identify any environmental causes eg. Pollution
  • They will photograph the symptoms and take samples for laboratory analysis
39
Q

Name 3 human physical defences against pathogens?

A
  • Skin
  • Clilia
  • Mucus
40
Q

How does the skin prevent pathogens from entering the human body?

A
  • Largest organ in the body
  • Physical barrier against pathogens, blocking them from getting in
41
Q

How does mucus prevent pathogens from entering the human body?

A
  • Mucus lining on bronchioles in the lungs
  • Pathogens stick to the mucus and cannot get into the body
42
Q

How do cilia prevent pathogens from entering the human body?

A
  • There are ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea (with cilia on)
  • They brush pathogens upwards to be released through the mouth
43
Q

Name 2 human chemical barriers against pathogens

A
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Lysosomes
44
Q

How does hydrochloric acid act as a chemical defence against pathogens?

A
  • Hydrochloric acid is found in the stomach
  • It has a pH of 1-2 which kills pathogens that enter the stomach
45
Q

How do lysosomes act as a chemical defence against pathogens?

A
  • Lysosomes are enzymes found in tears
  • They kill pathogens, preventing them from entering through the eye
46
Q

What are the two types of white blood cell?

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Lymphocytes
47
Q

What is the non-specific immune response called?

A

Phagocytosis

48
Q

What is the specific immune response called?

A

Lymphocytosis

49
Q

What happens in phagocytosis?

A

Phagocytes will locate and engulf pathogens to destroy them

50
Q

What happens in lymphocytosis?

A
  • A lymphocyte will detect foreign antigens and cause an immune response
  • The activated lymphocyte will divide to produce more lymphocytes
  • Antibodies will then be produced for the specific antigen by those lymphocytes
  • Some lymphocytes become memory lymphocytes that stay in the blood after the immune response ends
51
Q

What is the role of an antibody in killing pathogens present in the body?

A

They attach to specific antigens and cause pathogens to stick together to make it easier to be engulfed by phagocytes

52
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A protein on the outside of a pathogen that triggers an immune response

53
Q

What are memory lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes that ‘remember’ previous exposures to a certain pathogen. If the same pathogen infects the body again, the memory lymphocytes will activate, leading to a much faster secondary response.

54
Q

Outline the process and effects of a vaccination

A
  • Vaccine which contains inactive forms/antigens of pathogens are given to the person.
  • The antigens on the pathogen cause an immune response
  • Lymphocytosis occurs
  • Exposure to the live pathogen will trigger a secondary response.
  • A secondary response produces larger amounts of antibodies more quickly than a first exposure to the pathogen.
  • The secondary response usually prevents illness, meaning the person is immune to the disease.
55
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a large portion of a community (the herd) becomes immune to a disease. The spread of disease from person to person becomes unlikely as a result, the whole community becomes protected — not just those who are immune.

56
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Only kill bacteria

57
Q

How do you calculate a zone of inhibition?

A

π r2

58
Q

Describe the process of discovering new medicines

A
  • Preclinical drug trials
  • Animal trials
  • Human clinical trials
59
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

A collection of a simple type of antibody that is isolated and cloned

60
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  • A rodent is vaccinated
  • Activated lymphocytes are isolated
  • These lymphocytes are fused with cancer cells to form hybridomas
  • Hybridomas are screened for antibody production
  • Those hybridomas are cloned
  • Antibodies produced are isolated
61
Q

Name 3 ways monoclonal antibodies are used in medical diagnosis

A
  • In pregnancy testing
  • Locating the position of blood clots
  • Locating the position of cancers
62
Q

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A
  • People do not finish their course of medication
  • Natural selection occurs
  • Some bacteria are resistant due to genetic variation by mutation
  • These resistant bacteria survive and reproduce
63
Q

How does a pregnancy test work?

A
  • hCG hormones are present in urine
  • They will move bind to coloured beads
  • They will then move across the test strip and bind to the stationary monoclonal antibodies, creating a coloured line

GCSE Biology (15 decks)

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