HEALTH EDUCATION Flashcards
(225 cards)
1
Q
What are Health Learning Materials (HLM)?
A
Teaching aids that provide information and instruction about health directed to a specific audience.
2
Q
What do Health Promotion (HP) programs rely on?
A
Health Learning Materials (HLM).
3
Q
What is the role of IEC materials in behavior change communication?
A
They can communicate messages without a communicator’s presence, enhance understanding, and motivate the public to seek further information.
4
Q
What are the four types of Health Learning Materials (HLMs)?
A
- Printed Health Learning Materials (Printed HLMs)
- Visual Health Learning Materials (Visual HLMs)
- Audio Health Learning Materials (Audio HLMs)
- Audio-visual Health Learning Materials (Audio-visual HLMs)
5
Q
What are Printed Health Learning Materials?
A
Materials produced in multiple copies, usually using ink on paper, for exchanging facts, ideas, and opinions.
6
Q
What are examples of printed materials?
A
- Poster
- Flipcharts
- Leaflets
- Booklets
- Cards
- Newspapers
7
Q
A large sheet of paper with a size of 40 cm wide and 60 cm high, containing words and pictures that convey a message.
A
Poster
8
Q
What should be included in a poster?
A
- Year of publication
- Place
- Sponsoring organization
9
Q
What is the purpose of posters?
A
To reinforce messages, provide information, give directions, and announce events.
10
Q
What are the storage and utilization guidelines for posters?
A
Store safely, post in visible areas, ask for permission before posting, and avoid sacred places.
11
Q
A series of pictures bound together, showing related subjects in a logical order.
A
Flip Chart
12
Q
What is the purpose of a flip chart?
A
To provide information and instructions.
13
Q
A short, often urgent message printed on one side of a standard weight paper.
A
Leaflet or Flyer
14
Q
What is a brochure?
A
A modified leaflet that is longer, folded, and printed on both sides, useful for detailed explanations.
15
Q
What are the purposes of flyers and brochures?
A
To reinforce sessions, remind main points, help with sensitive subjects, and provide basic information.
16
Q
What should be considered in the content of leaflets/brochures?
A
C (Clear), A (Accurate), R (Readable), E (Empathy).
17
Q
What are Visual Health Learning Materials?
A
Materials that include visual elements like models, real objects, and photographs, excluding written words.
18
Q
What are visuals in communication?
A
Visuals are one of the strongest methods of communicating messages, especially where literacy status is low.
19
Q
What are real objects in health communication?
A
Real objects are actual items displayed to convey messages, such as IUDs, pills, condoms, diaphragms, and foams.
20
Q
What are models in health communication?
A
Models are three-dimensional objects that look like real objects and are used when real objects are unavailable, too big, or too small to display.
21
Q
What are audio health learning materials?
A
Audio health learning materials include anything heard, such as spoken word, health talks, and music. Common audio aids are radio and audio cassettes.
22
Q
Why is radio a powerful tool in health communication?
A
Radio is a very powerful tool because no other mass media reaches more people than radio and can reinforce advice received through other channels.
23
Q
What are audio-visual health learning materials?
A
Audio-visual health learning materials are multi-sensory materials that combine seeing and listening, conveying messages with high motivational appeals.
24
Q
What is the importance of audience analysis in IEC material production?
A
The success and impact of IEC materials depend largely on understanding the target audience, including their characteristics, behavior change stage, and barriers.
25
What is the first step in IEC material production?
Step 1: Selecting the most appropriate IEC materials based on types, audience preferences, and conducting audience and media research.
26
What does a Creative Brief (CB) include?
A Creative Brief presents the core message, target audience, objectives, obstacles, key messages, tone, and other creative considerations.
27
What is the purpose of preparing a draft of IEC materials?
Preparing a draft or adapting existing materials saves time and ensures that the content fits the audience's learning style and is culturally relevant.
28
What is the goal of pretesting draft IEC materials?
Pretesting helps determine whether the material and message are acceptable to the intended target audience.
29
What should be tested during pretesting?
During pretesting, understanding, acceptance, attractiveness, involvement, and inducement to action should be evaluated.
30
What is the purpose of assessing pretest results?
Assessing pretest results helps determine if the material is successful and identifies areas for revision based on audience feedback.
31
What does monitoring in IEC material production involve?
Monitoring involves reviewing and supervising distribution and usage activities to improve systems and maximize impact.
32
What are characteristics of effective IEC materials?
Effective IEC materials create a distinct look, have consistent messaging, address real needs, generate trust, and appeal to both emotions and reason.
33
What is culturally relevant pedagogy?
Utilizing teaching strategies that reflect the cultural backgrounds of students can enhance engagement and make learning more relatable to diverse learners.
34
How can inclusive classroom practices be encouraged?
Creating an inclusive environment where all voices are heard fosters participation and helps all students feel valued and committed to learning.
35
What are peer learning opportunities?
Facilitating activities where students can learn from one another promotes collaboration and deeper understanding of the content.
36
Why is it important to understand individual learning styles?
Recognizing that students have varying learning styles allows educators to tailor their teaching methods, ensuring all students can engage with the material effectively.
37
What are hands-on activities?
Incorporating hands-on tasks enables students to apply theoretical concepts in real-world scenarios, enhancing retention and interest.
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What is problem-based learning?
Creating scenarios where students must solve real problems promotes critical thinking and collaboration, resulting in a richer learning experience.
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How can technology foster interactive learning?
Employing digital tools and platforms can make lessons more interactive, allowing for immediate feedback and engagement with the material.
40
What are reflective practices?
Encouraging students to reflect on their learning processes can foster self-awareness and motivate them to take ownership of their educational journey.
41
How can structured group discussions enhance participation?
Organizing discussions that allow all students to contribute can enhance understanding and foster a sense of community within the classroom.
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What are dynamic debate opportunities?
Structured debates allow students to engage with different viewpoints while enhancing their critical thinking and public speaking skills.
43
What are cooperative learning strategies?
Utilizing cooperative learning models encourages teamwork and helps students develop both social and academic skills simultaneously.
44
What is peer teaching?
Encouraging students to teach each other can reinforce their own understanding and build confidence in their knowledge of the subject matter.
45
How can smart boards engage students?
Smart boards allow teachers to present interactive lessons, fostering student engagement through touch and visual stimuli.
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What are learning management systems used for?
Learning Management Systems streamline assignment collection and grading, enhancing organization and student accountability.
47
How do interactive polling tools enhance lessons?
Polling tools encourage real-time feedback and participation, making lessons more dynamic and responsive to student needs.
48
How can social media facilitate educational discussions?
Social media can facilitate discussions outside the classroom, enhancing communication and collaboration learning among peers.
49
What are virtual learning environments?
Virtual learning environments provide engaging spaces for students to explore concepts and collaborate in a stimulated setting.
50
How do online platforms support collaborative projects?
Online collaboration tools enable students to work together on projects, fostering teamwork and communication skills.
51
What role do educational videos play in learning?
Educational videos enrich the learning experience by providing visual context and examples that can enhance understanding.
52
What is self-paced learning?
Online courses allow students to learn at their own pace, catering to individual learning speeds and preferences.
53
What are open educational resources?
Open educational resources offer a wealth of materials that can diversify the curriculum and support differentiated instruction.
54
How do forums facilitate peer-to-peer learning?
Discussion forums encourage students to engage with each other, facilitating peer-to-peer learning and support.
55
What is the importance of encouraging feedback in education?
Soliciting student feedback on teaching methods and materials can lead to continuous improvement in instructional strategies.
56
Why is clear and consistent communication important for students?
Establishing regular updates and clear expectations helps students stay informed and engaged in their learning.
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How can one-on-one interactions benefit students?
Personalized communication with students allows for addressing specific concerns and cultivating deeper connections.
58
What is the role of positive reinforcement techniques in education?
Recognizing and rewarding student achievements foster a positive atmosphere that encourages further effort and participation.
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Why is setting clear expectations for classroom behavior important?
Establishing behavior norms and routines helps students understand what is expected, creating a structured learning environment.
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How can incorporating diverse learning styles enhance lessons?
Addressing various learning preferences can make lessons more inclusive and engaging for a broader range of students.
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What is the benefit of facilitating peer support tutoring programs?
Encouraging students to assist one another can build a supportive community and enhance comprehension through collaboration.
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What is the significance of building trust among students and educators?
Trust is essential for feedback; students must believe their input is valued for teaching effectiveness to improve.
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How can developing guidelines for constructive feedback help students?
Creating clear guidelines can help students provide meaningful feedback, which benefits educational growth.
64
What is the purpose of implementing regular check-ins with students?
Frequent check-ins can help gauge students' understanding and adapt teaching strategies accordingly.
65
Why is fostering open communication in classrooms important?
Establishing an environment where students feel comfortable sharing their thoughts can enhance engagement and learning effectiveness.
66
How can utilizing surveys provide insights into student learning?
Surveys can provide quantitative and qualitative data, allowing educators to adjust their methods.
67
What is the advantage of incorporating technology for real-time feedback?
Tech tools allow for immediate feedback, enabling educators to make on-the-fly adjustments to their teaching.
68
Why encourage anonymous feedback submission?
Anonymous feedback encourages honesty from students, leading to authentic insights on teaching effectiveness.
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What is the benefit of analyzing feedback trends over time?
Regularly reviewing feedback trends can help educators recognize patterns and areas that need improvement.
70
What should educators do to set personal teaching goals?
Educators should establish specific, measurable objectives for their teaching practices to enhance effectiveness.
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How does creating a professional learning community benefit educators?
Collaborating with peers allows for shared insights and strategies, fostering continuous professional growth.
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Why is regular reflection on teaching experiences important?
Regular reflection enables educators to identify strengths and areas for growth in their teaching methodologies.
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What is the purpose of documenting progress through self-reflection?
Keeping a record of personal teaching experiences can lead to valuable insights and improvements over time.
74
What is the definition of literacy?
The ability of adults to read, write, and comprehend information at the 8th-grade level or above.
75
What is illiteracy?
The inability of adults to read, write, and comprehend information at the fourth-grade level or below, or not at all.
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What is low literacy?
The inability of adults to read, write, and comprehend information between the 5th to 8th-grade levels of difficulty.
77
What is health literacy?
The ability to read, interpret, and comprehend health information to maintain optimal wellness.
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What is functional illiteracy?
The lack of fundamental reading, writing, and comprehension skills needed to operate effectively in today’s society.
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What is readability?
The ease with which written or printed information can be read.
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What is comprehension?
The degree to which individuals understand and accurately interpret what they have read.
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What is numeracy?
The ability to read and interpret numbers.
82
What is reading?
The ability to transform letters into words and pronounce them correctly.
83
What is literacy relative to oral instruction?
Little attention has been paid to the role of oral communication in the assessment of illiteracy.
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What is iloralacy?
The inability to comprehend simple oral language communicated through speaking of common vocabulary, phrases, or slang words.
85
What is literacy relative to computer instruction?
The ability to use computers for communication is an increasingly popular issue with respect to literacy of learners.
86
What is the scope and incidence of the literacy problem in the U.S.?
Approximately 40 to 44 million Americans are considered illiterate, and an additional 50 million are low literate.
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What are some trends associated with literacy problems?
A rise in the number of immigrants, the aging of our population, the increasing complexity of information, the increasing sophistication of technology, and the added number of people living in poverty.
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What is myth #1 regarding illiteracy?
People who are illiterate have below normal IQ’s.
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What is myth #2 regarding illiteracy?
People who are illiterate can be recognized by their appearance.
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What is myth #3 regarding illiteracy?
The number of years of schooling completed correlates with literacy skills.
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What is myth #4 regarding illiteracy?
People who are illiterate come from similar socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic minority backgrounds.
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What is myth #5 regarding illiteracy?
People who are illiterate freely admit to having problems with reading, writing, and comprehension.
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What is the impact of illiteracy on motivation and compliance?
People with poor literacy skills think in very concrete, specific, and literal terms.
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What are some characteristics of thinking in people with poor literacy skills?
Disorganization of thought, limited perception of ideas, slow rate of vocabulary and language development, poor problem-solving skills, difficulty analyzing and synthesizing, difficulty formulating questions, and struggles when handling more than one piece of information at a time.
95
What are ethical, legal, and financial concerns regarding literacy?
Printed education materials (PEMs) that are too difficult to read or comprehend result in miscommunication between consumers and healthcare providers.
96
What are trends increasing the need for patient education?
Early discharges, decreased reimbursement for direct care, increased delivery of care in home and community settings, greater demands on nursing personnel time, increased technological complexity of treatment, and assumption by caregivers that printed information is an adequate substitute for direct instruction of patients.
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What is the readability of printed education materials (PEMs)?
Research findings indicate that most PEMs are written at grade levels that far exceed the reading ability of the majority of patients.
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The most widely used standardized readability formulas rate high on
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reliability and predictive validity.
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Formulas evaluate readability levels using the average length of
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sentences and the number of multisyllabic words in a passage.
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Computerized readability analysis has made evaluation of written
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materials quick and easy.
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Readability Formulas:
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(1) FLESCH – KINCAID FORMULA
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Measures materials written between the 5
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th
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– grade and
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the college level.
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(2) FOG INDEX
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Measures materials written between the 4
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th
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– grade and
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the college level.
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(3) FRY READABILITY GRAPH
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Measures materials written between the 1
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st
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– grade and
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the college level.
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(4) SMOG (Simple Measure of Gobbledygook) FORMULA
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-
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Measures materials written between 4
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th
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– grade and the
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college level.
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Most popular because of its accuracy
speed
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simplicity.
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COMPREHENSION TESTS
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(1) CLOZE PROCEDURE
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Specifically recommended for assessing health literature.
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Every 5th word is systematically deleted from a portion
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of a text and the reader has to fill in the blanks with the
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appropriate words.
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(2) LISTENING TEST
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-
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A passage
selected from instructional materials
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written at approximately the 5th
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– grade level.
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Is read aloud and then the listener is asked questions on
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key points relevant to the content.
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READING SKILL TESTS
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(1) WRAT (Wide Range Achievement Test)
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Measures the ability of a person to correctly
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pronounce words from a graduated list of 100 words.
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It tests word recognition
not vocabulary or comprehension of text material.
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(2) REALM (Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine)
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Measures a person’s ability to read and pronounce
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medical and health – related vocabulary from three lists
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graduated in order from the most simple words to the most
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complex words.
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(3) TOFHLA (Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults)
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Measures literacy skills using actual hospital materials.
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(4) NVS (Newest Vital Sign)
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Identifies those at risk for low health literacy.
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Inexpensive and takes as little as minutes to administer.
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(5) EHEALS (eHealth Literacy Scale)
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Determines a patient’s ability to find and navigate
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electronic health information.
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(6) LAD (Literacy Assessment for Diabetes)
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Specifically developed to measure word recognition in
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adults with diabetes.
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(7) SAM (Instrument for Sustainability Assessment of Materials)
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Includes evaluation criteria to identify deficiencies in
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such factors as content
literacy
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layout
typography and cultural appropriateness of
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print
illustration
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materials.
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SIMPLIFYING READABILITY OF PRINTED EDUCATION
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MATERIALS
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(1) Elements such as technical format
concept demand
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literacy level
and accuracy and clarity of a message also affect the
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readability of printed materials.
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(2) To reduce the discrepancy between the literacy demand of written
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materials and the reader's actual reading and comprehension skills
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the nurse educator must attend to basic linguistic
motivational
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organizational
and content principles.
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TECHNIQUES FOR WRITING EFFECTIVE EDUCATIONAL
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MATERIALS
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(1) Write in a conversational style with an active voice using the personal
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pronouns “you” and “your.”
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(2) Use short
familiar words with only one or two syllables.
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(3) Spell words rather than using abbreviations or acronyms.
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(4) Organize information into chunks
which improves recall.
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(5) Use numbers and statistics only when necessary.
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(6) Keep sentences short
preferably 20 words or less.
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(7) Define any technical or unfamiliar words.
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(8) Use words consistently throughout text.
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(9) Avoid value judgment words.
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(10) Put the most important information first.
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(11) Use advance organizers.
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(12) Limit use of connective words.
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(13) Make the first sentence of a paragraph the topic sentence.
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STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE HEALTH LITERACY
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(1) Establish a trusting relationship.
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(2) Use the smallest amount of information to achieve behavioral
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objectives.
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(3) Make points of information vivid and explicit.
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(4) Teach one step at a time.
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(5) Use multiple teaching methods and tools.
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(6) Give learners the chance to restate information in their own words
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and to demonstrate procedures.
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(7) Keep motivation high by using praise and rewards.
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(8) Build in coordination of information and procedures by using
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techniques of tailoring and cuing.
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(9) Use repetition to reinforce information.
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