Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Health Neuroscience > Health Neuroscience & Confounds > Flashcards

Health Neuroscience & Confounds Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

HEALTH DEFINITION

A
  • absence of physical/mental illness & disease/pain/discomfort
  • absence of risk factors ie:
    1. PHYSIOLOGICAL (ie. insulin resistance)
    2. SOCIAL (ie. loneliness)
    3. COGNITIVE (ie. slow processing speed)
    4. EMOTIONAL (ie. anxiety)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

HEALTH NEUROSCIENCE

A
  • focuses on understanding how brain affects our physical health & vice versa
  • brain = target (bottom-up pathways) & mediator (top-down pathways)
    CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES
  • social; cultural; environmental
  • interventional; health policy
    INDIVIDUAL-LVL INFLUENCES
  • genetic; epigenetic; life history
  • well-being scale = resilience; clinical illness scale = risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

BRAIN HEALTH (WHO)

A
  • state of brain functioning across cognitive/sensory/socio-emotional/beh/motor domains
  • allows person to realise full potential over life course irrespective of presence/absence of disorders
  • structural/functional integrity of brain regions underlying cognitive processes implicated in adherence to health behs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

BRAIN BASICS

A
  1. BRAINSTEM & CEREBELLUM
  2. LIMBIC SYSTEM & SUBCORTICAL REGIONS
  3. WHITE MATTER TRACTS
  4. CEREBRAL CORTEX
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

BRAIN ROTATIONS

A
  • (right) front -> back = anterior -> posterior
  • (left) front -> back = rostral -> caudal
  • width = lateral -> lateral (medial)
  • top -> bottom = dorsal -> ventral
  • diagonal -> rostral -> caudal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

BRAIN APPROACHES

A

BRAIN PERTURBATION APPROACH
- manipulation
- alteration -> measure (task performance)
NEUROMONITORING APPROACH
- measurement
- manipulate cognition -> measure (neural activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS

A
  • predict physical/mental health across lifespan
  • higher order cognitive functions implicated in “top-down” control of human beh/thought/action
  • aka: executive processes/control; controlled attention; central executive system; supervisory attentional system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING SKILLS

A

EMOTIONAL CONTROL
- ability to manage feelings
TIME MANAGEMENT
- ability to manage time to complete tasks
FLEXIBILITY
- ability to modify/adapt to changing situations
ORGANISATION
- ability to develop systems to manage
TASK INITIATION
- ability to start/stop tasks
WORKING MEMORY
- ability to use memory to complete tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HOW TO DEFINE EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS

A
  • conscious control of what we think/do
  • enables self-regulation of one’s own social actions/display emotions
  • coordinates goal-setting w/planning required to accomplish goal/task (ie. organising/sequence/self-monitoring/evaluating)
  • control of attention/focus skills
  • ability to think/act in flexible manner w/tolerance for frustration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

EMOTIONAL ASPECTS OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS: SELF-REGULATION

A
  • impulse control
  • use of social filter
  • self-monitoring social behs
  • tolerance
  • delay of immediate gratification
  • establishing/filtering attention
  • engaging in health protective behs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS: META-COGNITION

A
  • organising time/materials/projects
  • prioritising
  • attention shifting
  • risk-assessment
  • informed decision making
  • verbal/non-verbal WM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

STRUCTURE OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN ADULTS

A

updating (specific) ->
shifting (specific) ->
inhibition ->
common executive function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS & COGNITIVE MECHANISMS

A
  • executive function & self-regulation skills depend on 3 cognitive mechanisms:
    1. WORKING MEMORY
  • governs our ability to retain/manipulate distinct info over short periods of time
    2. COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY
  • helps us to sustain/shift attention in response to dif demands & apply dif rules in dif settings
    3. INHIBITORY CONTROL
  • enables us to resist impulsive actions/responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

WORKING MEMORY

A

ADULT
- remember multiple tasks/rules/strategies that may vary by situation
5-16Y
- ability to search varying locations; remember where something was found; explore other locations
4-5Y
- appearance = NOT always reality
3Y
- hold in mind 2 rules & act on their basis
9-10M
- execute simple tasks/plans
7-9M
- ability to remember unseen objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

INHIBITORY CONTROL

A

ADULT
- consistent self-control; situationally appropriate responses
10-18Y
- self-control (ie. flexibility switching between central focus) & peripheral stimuli
7Y
- learning to ignore irrelevant peripheral stimuli & focus on central
4-5Y
- reductions in perservation; delay eating treat; begin to hold/follow arbitrary rule
9-11M
- inhibit reaching for immediate reward
8-10M
- maintain focus despite distractions
6M
- rudimentary response inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY

A

ADULT
- revise actions/plans in response to changing circumstances
13-18Y
- accuracy when switching focus & adapting to changing rules
10-12Y
- adapts to changing rules even among multiple dimensions
2-5Y
- shifts actions according to changing rules
9-11M
- seek alternative methods to retrieve objects beyond directly reaching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

EF x FOOD INTAKE

A
  • executive functions = associated w/calorie dense food intake in young adults
  • n = 5648; 11-12y
  • individuals w/higher executive functions:
    1. consume less calories in lab taste tests
    2. have lower body mass indexes (BMI)
    3. consume more fruit/vegetables & less calorie-dense foods
  • sugar sweetened beverage consumption
  • snack food consumption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

EFFORTFUL CONTROL OVER DIETARY BEHS & CRAVINGS

A
  • high calorie > low calorie; n = 7
  • ultra-processed calorie dense foods = rewarding
  • requires effortful control over reward processes to manage intake in “obesogenic” environments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

A
  • primary motor cortex (BA4)
  • premotor cortex (BA6)
  • anterior premotor cortex (BA8)
  • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA9/46)
  • lateral frontopolar cortex (BA10)
  • ventolateral prefrontal cortex (BA47/45/44)
  • ventral anterior premotor cortex (BA44/6)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

EXECUTIVE FUNCTION: SUMMARY

A
  • executive functions = cognitive processes that can be used as proxy of brain health
  • important for regulating beh; play key role in adherence to health beh
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

IMAGING TECHNIQUES

A

ANATOMICAL
FUNCTIONAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ANATOMICAL STUDIES

A
  • structure evaluated w/dif groups/diagnoses (aka. keep other variables as similar as possible) or same group over time
  • measure structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

FUNCTIONAL STUDIES

A
  • task needed w/recordings taken during task
  • usually compared to baseline task
  • measure function (aka. needs to have task)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

STRUCTURAL METRICS

A

GREY MATTER
- neuronal cell bodies (neurons)
WHITE MATTER
- myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
NEURON ANATOMY
- dendrite - nucleus - cell body (soma) - Scwann cell - axon - myelin - axon terminal
26
IMAGING TECHNIQUES: ANATOMICAL & STRUCTURE
- X-Ray - X-Ray computed tomography (CT) - ultrasound - magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
27
IMAGING TECHNIQUES: FUNCTIONAL
- nuclear medicine (SPECT/PET/PET-CT) - MEG/EEG - functional near-infrared spectoscopy (fNIRS) - magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
28
SEJNOWSKI (2014): SPATIOTEMPORAL DOMAIN OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS
- EEG/MEG = brain (milliseconds) - PET imaging = brain (hours) - fMRI imaging = brain (minutes) - TMS = brain (seconds) - VSD imaging = brain (milliseconds) - brain lesions = nucleus (days) - 2-DG imaging = nucleus (hours) - microstimulation = nucleus (seconds) - light microscopy = layer (minutes) - optogenetics = layer (seconds) - field potentials = layer (milliseconds) - single units = neuron (milliseconds) - electron microscopy = synapse (minutes) - calcium imaging = synapse (seconds) - patch clamp = synapse (milliseconds)
29
FMRI: WHAT ARE WE MEASURING?
- BOLD contrast; increase in local MR signal - increase coherent spin in H nuclei of diffusing H2O -> - displacement of deoxyhaemoglobin (glucose/blood flow/oxygen) -> - ATP consumption by neurons/astrocytes -> - integration/signalling in neuron groups -> - sensory/motor/cognitive processes
30
BODY = TINY MAGNETS (WATER!)
- hydrogen atoms = tiny magnets - put them in strong magnetic field; shift to align w/said field
31
HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE
- neurons require energy to function - cellular respiration requires oxygen/glucose - local increasing blood flow
32
NEUROVASCULAR COUPLING
1. electrical activity in neurons 2. astrocyte/interneuron response 3. dilation of arterioles 4. increase in blood flow (CBF) & volume (CBV)
33
PHYSIOLOGY: BOLD CONTRAST
- blood-oxygenation-lvl-dependent contrast
34
SPATIAL RESOLUTION: VOXELS
- voxel = small rectangular prism; basic sampling unit of fMRI - typical anatomical voxel = 1.5mm^3 - typical functional voxel = 4mm^3
35
ACTIVE BRAIN REGION = WHAT?
- brain has constant supply of blood/oxygen; we'd die without it - aka. we cannot literally read thoughts via scanners as whole brain = active - SO we need a contrast (ie. active compared to... what?)
36
FMRI: SUMMARY
- maps whole-brain; non-invasive - validation against electrocortical stimulation/Wada performed for motor mapping/lateraisation of language - active = NOT always essential! - fmri = statistical; evaluating relative activation; requires intact neurovascular coupling - pathology can abolish BOLD activation; tumours reduce/remove BOLD signal
37
FMRI SCANDALS
- dead salmon - cluster failure - voodoo - analysis pipelines - reproducibility
38
FMRI SCANDALS: DEAD SALMON
BENNETT ET AL. - neural correlates of interspecies perspective taking in post-mortem Atlantic salmon; argument for multiple comparisons correction
39
FMRI SCANDALS: CLUSTER FAILURE
EKLUND, NICHOLS & KNUTSSON - why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates - rsfMRI from 396 controls w/task design split into smaller groups - random group analysis to evaluate false positives - SPM/FSL/AFNI & nonparametric permutation - FWI rate 5%; parametric stats conservative for voxelwise inference & invalid for clusterwise inference - up to 70% false positives - nonparametric more robust
40
FNIRS
- functional near-infrared spectroscopy - haemodynamic approach (like fMRI) - uses properties of light - dif haemoglobin species can be detected due to difs in optical absorption - light travels through skull; refracts back to detectors; used to calculate temporal changes in cerebral blood flow
41
PET: WHAT CAN WE MEASURE?
- metabolism (ie. oxygen & glucose) - blood flow - neurotransmitter systems (ie. receptors, neurotransmitters & enzymes)
42
VS: FMRI
- blood oxygen concentration - no radioactivity - temporal resolution = 1-4sec - spatial resolution = 1mm - event-related/blocked design - some regions = difficult to image (near sinuses) - medium £ - 65-130dB - no metal - minimal movement
43
VS: PET
- blood volume - radioactivity (radioactive tracer) - temporal resolution = 30sec - spatial resolution = 10mm - blocked design - whole brain - pharmacological tracers - high £ - little movement
44
VS: FNIRS
- no radioactivity - temporal resolution = ms - spatial resolution = mms (BUT ltd to cortex) - low £ - can move; portable
45
EEG: EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS (ERP)
- waveform from EEG reflects across brain activity (aka. current task & more); low signal-to-noise ratio; need lots of trials - amount of voltage change associated w/cognitive event - ERP like RT; time = important - important = timing/amplitude of peaks for cognition
46
EEG: FREQUENCY BANDS
DELTA THETA ALPHA BETA GAMMA
47
EEG: DELTA FREQUENCY BAND
FREQUENCY - .5-4Hz AMPLITUDE - 100-200uV LOCATION - frontal ACTIVITY - deep sleep
48
EEG: THETA FREQUENCY BAND
FREQUENCY - 4-8Hz AMPLITUDE - 5-10uV LOCATION - various ACTIVITY - drowsiness; light sleep
49
EEG: ALPHA FREQUENCY BAND
FREQUENCY - 8-13Hz AMPLITUDE - 20-80uV LOCATION - posterior region of head ACTIVITY - relaxed
50
EEG: BETA FREQUENCY BAND
FREQUENCY - 13-30Hz AMPLITUDE - 1-5uV LOCATION - left/right side; symmetrical distribution; more evident frontally ACTIVITY - active thinking; alert
51
EEG: GAMMA FREQUENCY BAND
FREQUENCY - >30Hz AMPLITUDE - .5-2uV LOCATION - somatosensory cortex ACTIVITY - hyperactivity
52
PERTURBING NEURAL FUNCTION
- pharmacology - genetics - invasive stimulation (ie. deep brain stimulation; optogenetics) - noninvasive stimulation (ie. trasncranial magnetic/direct & alternating current stimulation (TMS/tDCS/tACS) - lesion studies
53
NEUROMODULATION METHODS
TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION (tDCS) - anodal (up) - cathodal (down) TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (TMS) - single pulse TMS (spTMS) - repetitive TMS (rTMS) -> - high/low frequency (rTMS) - theta burst stimulation (TBS) -> - intermittent TBS (up) - continuous TBS (down)
54
TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (TMS)
- wire coil connected to electrical capacitators; generate magnetic field in coil - coil placed on surface of skull; magnetic field passes safely to brain - induces electrical current in neurons to fire
55
WAGNER ET AL. (2009)
ELECTROMAGNETIC STIMULATION/INDUCTION - time varying current in coil; coil = electromagnet driven by current - generates time varying magnetic field; magnetic field function of driving current/coil - induces electric field in material; electric field function of magnetic field/properties of material - drives current in material; induced current function of electric field/properties of material -> - TMS drives currents in brain stimulating neurons
56
THETA BURST STIMULATION (TBS)
- rTMS variant; increases (iTBS)/decreases (cTBS) cortical excitability for up to 1h post-stimulation - after-effects attributable to early phase LTP/LTD like changes in cortical plasticity: 1. triggers post-synaptic glutamate release 2. NMDA receptors -> increases Ca^2+ lvls 3. rate/absolute lvls of Ca^2+ change determines inhibitory VS excitatory effects
57
NEUROMODULATION: PROS
- causality = immediate effects - informative; cognitive processes' timing/location - no connection to body/need for scanner
58
NEUROMODULATION: CONS
- transient effect - not good for long tasks - not all areas of cortex can be stimulated - rTMS seems more effective than tDCS
59
METHODS SUMMARY
- each method has pros/cons - consider methods carefully - combine techniques to optimise stengths
60
BRAIN PERSPECTIVES
BRAIN-AS-OUTCOME - PA -> moderators -> brain BRAIN-AS-MEDIATOR - PA -> moderators + brain -> cognitive functioning (ie. inhibitory control) BRAIN-AS-PREDICTOR - brain -> cognitive/psychological characteristics (ie. executive functioning) + moderators -> PA behaviours (ie. adherence)
61
LOWE ET AL. (2018)
- using cTBS to test causal link between PFC activity/overeating - within subject design in healthy young women - completed inhibitory control measures - measured changes in food-cravings - completed bogus taste test for 5 dif snack foods

Health Neuroscience (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions