Health Problems of Toddlers and Preschoolers Flashcards

Question

MEASLES (Rubeola) Management NURSING CARE MANAGEMENT

Answer 1

1. Fever - instruct parents to administer antipyretics 2. Eye care - clean eyelids with warm saline solution to remove secretions or crusts. 3. Coryza, cough - use cool mist vaporizer 4. Skin care - keep skin clean - use tepid baths as necessary

Answer 2

1. Causative agent - Bordetella pertussis 2. Source - Discharge from respiratory tract of infected persons 3. Transmission - Direct contact or droplet spread from infected person. 4. Incubation period - 6 to 20 days - usually 7 to 10 days 5. Period of communicability - Greatest during catarrhal stage before onset of paroxysms

Answer 3

1. Catarrhal stage - begins with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, such as coryza, sneezing, lacrimation, cough, and low grade fever 2. Paroxysmal stage - Cough most common at night; consists of short, rapid coughs followed by sudden inspiration associated with a high pitched crowing sound or “whoop” 3. Additional symptoms in adolescents - difficulty breathing - post tussive vomiting

Answer 4

1. Childhood Immunization - Pentavalent Vaccine (DTP HepaB Hib)Hib) - Antimicrobial therapy 2. Supportive - Increased oxygen intake and humidity - Adequate fluids.

Answer 5

- Pneumonia - Apnea (infants <1 year) - Atelectasis - Otitis media - Seizures - Hemorrhage

Answer 6

- Maintain isolation during catarrhal stage - Encourage oral fluids; offer small amount of fluids frequently. - Provide humidified oxygen - Encourage compliance with antibiotic therapy for household contacts.

Answer 7

1. Causative agent: Enteroviruses - type 1, most frequent cause of paralysis, both epidemic and endemic - type 2, least frequently associated with paralysis - type 3, second most frequently associated with paralysis 2. Source - feces and oropharyngeal secretions of infected persons, especially young children 3. Transmission - Direct contact with persons with apparent or inapparent active infection 4. Incubation period - Usually 7 to 14 days, with range of 5 to 35 days 5. Period of communicability - Not exactly known

Answer 8

May be manifested in three different forms 1. Abortive or inapparent - Fever - uneasiness - sore throat - headache - anorexia - vomiting - abdominal pain 2. Nonparalytic - Same manifestations as abortive but more severe, with pain and stiffness in neck, back, and legs 3. Paralytic - Initial course similar to nonparalytic type followed by recovery and then signs of central nervous system paralysis

Answer 9

1. Childhood immunization - Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) - Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) 2. Supportive - Complete bed rest during acute phase - Physical therapy for muscles after acute stage

Answer 10

- Permanent paralysis - Respiratory arrest - Hypertension - Kidney stones

Answer 11

1. Causative agent - Rubella virus 2. Source - Primarily nasopharyngeal secretions of person with apparent or inapparent infection - virus also present in blood, stool, and urine 3. Incubation period: - 14 to 21 days 4. Period of communicability - 7 days before to about 5 days after appearance of rash 5. S/Sx - Occasionally low grade fever - headache - malaise - lymphadenopathy

Answer 12

1. Prodromal stage - Absent in children - present in adults and adolescents - low grade fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, mild conjunctivitis, coryza, sore throat, cough, and lymphadenopathy 2. Rash First appears on face and rapidly spreads downward to neck, arms, trunk, and legs

Answer 13

Childhood immunization - Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) Vaccine

Answer 14

- Rare (arthritis, encephalitis, or purpura) - greatest danger is teratogenic effect on fetuses

Answer 15

- Institute Droplet Precautions. - Reassure parents of benign nature of illness in affected child. - Avoid contact with pregnant women - Monitor rubella titer in pregnant adolescents.

Answer 16

1. Agent - Group A β-hemolytic streptococci 2. Source - Usually from nasopharyngeal secretions of infected persons and carriers. 3. Transmission - Direct contact with infected person or droplet spread - indirectly by contact with contaminated article. 4. Incubation period - 2 to 5 days, with range of 1 to 7 days 5. Period of communicability - Incubation period and clinical illness is approximately 10 days - first 2 weeks of carrier phase, although may persist for months

Answer 17

1. Prodromal stage - Abrupt high fever - pulse increased out of proportion to fever, vomiting, headache, chills, malaise, abdominal pain, halitosis 2. Enanthema - Tonsils enlarged, edematous, reddened, and covered with patches of exudates 3. Exanthema - Rash appears within 12 hours after prodromal signs

Answer 18

- Fine red rash, feels like sandpaper - White coating on tongue that peels after few days leaving it swollen and red (AKA "strawberry tongue") - Fever over 38.3 C (101F) - Flushed red face, but pale around mouth - Swollen glands on neck

Answer 19

- Full course of penicillin - Antibiotic therapy for newly diagnosed carriers - Rest during febrile phase - analgesics for sore throat

Answer 20

- Peritonsillar and retropharyngeal abscess - Sinusitis - Otitis media - Acute glomerulonephritis - Acute rheumatic fever - Polyarthritis (uncommon)

Answer 21

- Institute Standard and Droplet - Ensure compliance with oral antibiotic therapy - Encourage rest during febrile phase - Relieve discomfort of sore throat with analgesics, gargles, lozenges, antiseptic throat sprays, and inhalation of cool mist. - Encourage fluids during febrile phase

Answer 22

(inflammation of the conjunctiva) infection of the thin conjunctiva covering the eye globe.

Answer 23

- viral, bacterial, fungal organisms - allergic or related to a foreign body.

Answer 24

- eyes watery with reddened conjunctiva - sensitivity to light - sticking of eyelids with pustular drainage

Answer 25

- Direct contact with infected eye secretions - then touching your own eyes - indirectly by contact with contaminated article or surfaces - air borne droplet spread - allergens and chemical or irritants (not contagious)

Answer 26

1. Bacterial Conjunctivitis ("Pink Eye") - Purulent drainage - Crusting of eyelids, especially on awakening - Inflamed conjunctiva - Swollen eyelids 2. Viral Conjunctivitis - Usually occurs with upper respiratory tract infection - Serous (watery) drainage - Inflamed conjunctiva - Swollen eyelids 3. Allergic Conjunctivitis - Itching - Watery to thick, stringy discharge - Inflamed conjunctiva - Swollen eyelids 4. Conjunctivitis Caused by Foreign Body - Tearing - Pain - Inflamed conjunctiva - Usually only one eye affected

Answer 27

1. Viral conjunctivitis is self limiting - treatment is limited to removal of the accumulated secretions. 2. Bacterial conjunctivitis - traditionally been treated with topical antibacterial agents such as polymyxin and bacitracin Poly sporin ), sulfacetamide Sulamyd ), or trimethoprim and poly myxin B ( Polytrim ).

Answer 28

- Nursing care includes keeping the eye clean and properly administering ophthalmic medication. - Remove accumulated secretions by wiping from the inner canthus downward and outward away from the opposite eye. - Keep the child’s washcloth and towel separate from those used by others.

Answer 29

- diseases, including helminths (worms) and protozoa - constitute the most frequent infections in the world. - Young children are especially at risk because of Young children are especially at risk because of typical hand mouth activity and uncontrolled fecal activity.

Answer 30

1. Facts - common roundworms - largest of the intestinal helminths - helminths; affects 1 to 4 years old children - prevalent in warm climates 2. Transmission - transferred to mouth by way of contaminated food, fingers or toys 3. Signs and symptoms - anorexia - irritability - nervousness - enlarged abdomen - weight loss - fever - intestinal colic 4. Treatment - Albendazole - Mebendazole

Answer 31

1. Transmission - transmitted by discharging eggs on the soil, which are picked up, causing infection from direct skin contact with contaminated soil - recommended to wear shoes 2. Signs and symptoms - mild to severe anemia, malnutrition - itching and burning followed by erythema and papular eruption in areas to which the organism migrates 3. Treatment - Albendazole - Mebendazole

Answer 32

1. Transmission - transmitted by discharging eggs on the soil, which are picked up, causing infection from direct skin contact with contaminated soil - autoinfection common in older children and adult 2. Signs and symptoms - respiratory s/sx (cough, wheezing, DOB) - abdominal pain - distention - nausea and vomiting - diarrhea (large, pale stools, often with mucus), may lead to severe nutritional deficiency 3.Treatment: - Ivermectin (preferred) - Albendazole (alternative)

Answer 33

1. Transmission - transmitted from contaminated soil, vegetables, toys and other objects; - prevalent in warm, moist climates - occurs in undernourished children living in unsanitary conditions 2. Signs and symptoms - abdominal pain and distention, diarrhea 3. Treatment - Albendazole - Mebendazole

Answer 34

1. Causative agent - flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia 2. Source - the child ingests the cyst then it develops in the intestines into the mature form of the organism - it is contagious as long an the infected person still has excreted cysts 3. Mode of Transmission - fecal oral route and from fecal contaminated food and stools - from person to person or person to animals

Answer 35

1. Infants and young children - diarrhea - weight loss - vomiting - anorexia - growth failure (failure to thrive) if chronic exposure 2. Children older than 5 years of age - abdominal cramps - intermittent loose stools - constipation

Answer 36

1. Treatment - metronidazole (Flagyl) the drugs of choice - tinidazole (Tindamax), and nitazoxanide (Alinia). Tinidazole is said to have an 80% to 100% cure rate after a single dose. 2. The most important nursing consideration is prevention of giardiasis and education of parents, child care center staff, and others who assume the daily care of small children. 3. Prevention - proper handwashing and improve sanitation

Answer 37

1. Fact - most common helminthic infection in the United States. 2. Causative agent - Enterobius vermicularis 3. Transmission - Infection begins when the eggs are ingested or inhaled - The eggs hatch in the upper intestine and then mature and migrate through the intestine. - eggs persist in the indoor environment for 2 to 3 weeks, contaminating anything they contact 4. Treatment - Albendazole - Mebendazole - Pyrantel pamoate

Answer 38

Intense perianal itching (principal symptom); evidence of itching includes - General irritability - Restlessness - Poor sleep - Bedwetting - Distractibility - Short attention span

Answer 39

- identifying the parasite, eradicating the organism, and preventing reinfection. - Parents need clear, detailed instructions for the tape test - Pinworm specimens are collected in the morning as soon as the child awakens and before the child has a bowel movement or bathes.

Answer 40

- Assistance with identification of the parasite - Administration of treatment of the infection as prescribed (Antiparasitic medications) - Prevention of initial infection or reinfection

Answer 41

1. Heavy Metal Poisoning 2. Lead Poisoning

Answer 42

1. occur from the ingestion of a variety of substances - Lead (most common) - Iron - Mercury 2. Treatment involves chelation - use of a chemical compound that com bines with the metal for rapid and safe excretion.

Answer 43

1. Facts - Ingestion leads to serious damage to the brain and nervous system, kidneys, and red blood cells. - In most instances of acute childhood lead poisoning, the source is non intact lead based paint in an older home or lead contaminated bare soil in the yard. 2. Signs and symptoms at the beginning - irritability - headache - fatigue and abdominal pain 3. S/sx for Low levels at 5 µg/dL - learning and behavioral problems 4. S/Sx for High levels - seizures - cognitive challenges - coma - death

Answer 44

- Toys manufactured in countries where restrictions on lead are lax - Soil around the exterior of the house - Dust or fumes created by home renovations - Pottery made with lead glazes, jewelry made from lead or lead alloys - Older lead based water pipes - Lead dust brought home clothing of the caregivers who work with lead products.

Answer 45

Chelation is the term used for removing lead from circulating blood and, theoretically, some lead from organs and tissues.

Answer 46

prevent the child’s initial or further exposure to lead.

Answer 47

1. Facts - refers to any form of abuse or neglect that harms a child’s well being. - can have severe, long term effects on a child's physical, emotional, and psychological development 2. S/Sx: - Physical signs: Bruises, burns, fractures, malnutrition - Emotional signs: Depression, anxiety, withdrawal, aggression - Behavioral signs: Fear of certain adults, self harm, sudden changes in school performance - Sexual abuse indicators: Inappropriate sexual behavior or knowledge, difficulty walking/sitting

Answer 48

1. Physical abuse - intentional use of force that causes harm, injury, or physical suffering 2. Emotional (Psychological) Abuse - repeated behaviors that harm a child’s self worth or emotional development. 3. Sexual Abuse - Involves any sexual act forced upon a child. 4. Neglect - most common form of maltreatment. - failure of a parent or other person legally responsible for the child’s welfare to provide for the child’s basic needs

Answer 49

1. Physical neglect -deprivation of necessities, such as food, clothing, shelter, supervision, medical care, and education. 2. Emotional neglect - failure to meet the child’s needs for affection, attention, and emotional nurturance.

Answer 50

1. Each child may manifest different responses to neglect, depending on the situation and developmental age of the child. 2. goal of the interview is to determine whether the child is in a safe environment and whether the caregiver has the skills and resources to care for the child. 3. Report it to... - to Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) - Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC) - Local Barangay and Social Welfare Offices or law enforcement - Philippine National Police Women and Children Protection Center (PNP WCPC) 4. Provide support to the child by listening and reassuring them 5. Encourage professional help , such as counseling or medical care 6. Intervene safely if possible (if you are in a position to help)

Health Problems of Toddlers and Preschoolers Flashcards

(74 cards)