Health promotion and disease prevention Flashcards
(45 cards)
steps in a preventive program:
1 - assess the patient's needs 2 - plan for intervention 3 - implementation 4 - perform clinical preventive services 5 - evaluate progressive changes 6 - plan short- and long-term maintenance
how can we assess the patient’s needs?
- review all information from the histories, radiographic and clinical examination and chartings
- identify the presence and severity of infection and the risk factors for oral health
- utilize indices to rate the extent of the needs and provide a baseline for continuing comparisons
- does the patient show willingness and readiness to learn
how can we plan for intervention?
- apply information about the patient, such as educational level, occupation, socioeconomic background, and attitudes toward oral health and care
- determine the current personal oral care procedures carried out by the patient and the frequency
- note factors that may affect the patient’s dexterity when using oral cleaning devices such as an occupation that requires manual or digital skill
- recognize the influence of age and physical and mental disabilities
- outline the procedures needed and work out goals with the patient
- explain what can occur if the patient does not follow the care plan
how can we implement these interventions?
- how can the patient best be helped to be aware of personal oral health problems and to learn and practice more effective health behaviours
- provide motivating demonstration and supervision for daily self-care, bacterial plaque removal, self-applied fluoride, and other applicable preventive measures
- introduce tobacco use cessation when indicated
- show methods for self-evaluation
- spread instruction over several appointments while clinical procedures are being completed
how can we perform clinical preventive services?
- complete scaling and bacterial debridement
- apply caries-preventive agents: fluoride, sealants
how can we evaluate progressive changes?
- can the patient demonstrate the procedures for self-care? do the teeth and gingiva show the benefits of learning?
- record a bacterial plaque score at each appointment and compare previous recordings with the patient
- at appropriate intervals, probe to note improvement in tissue quality, bleeding on probing, and probing depths
- provide preventive counselling for corrective action when goals are not met
how can we plan short- and long-term maintenance?
- determine appropriate maintenance intervals
- reevaluate to monitor continuance of preventive practices
- provide supplemental care for the patient who does not respond to basic therapy
what is patient counselling?
personal patient counselling contributes first to the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the individual, then through the individual, to the family and the community
what is motivation?
stimulation of behaviour, or motivation, stems from basic physiologic or social needs
what are the 8 principles of learning?
1 - learning is more effective when and individual is physiologically and psychologically ready to learn
2 - individual differences must be considered if effective learning is to take place
3 - motivation is essential for learning
4 - what an individual learns in a given situation depends on what is recognized and understood
5 - transfer of learning is facilitated by recognition or similarities and dissimilarities between past experiences and the present situation
6 - an individual learns what is actually used
7 - learning takes place more effectively in situations from which the individual derives feelings of satisfaction
8 - evaluation of the results of instruction is essential to determine whether learning is taking place
6 steps in teaching and learning:
1 - explanation 2 - demonstration 3 - application 4 - feedback 5 - reinforcement 6 - evaluation
what is explanation?
- information on what is happening in the oral cavity and why
what is demonstration?
- gives the patient the opportunity to see what needs to be done
what is application?
- gives the patient the opportunity to try what has been demonstrated
what is feedback?
- gives them a sense on how they are doing. be friendly and supportive
what is reinforcement?
- occurs at the initial teaching and subsequent appointments
what is evaluation?
- recognizes how the treatment plan is progressing and if there needs to be changes. indices are a great tool for evaluation
what is the learning ladder? (6 parts)
1 - unawareness 2 - awareness 3 - self-interest 4 - involvement 5 - action 6 - habit
where and when do we teach?
- at the dental unit
- before any treatment has been done (emphasis on importance of self-care, teaching is more effective, plaque still on patient’s teeth)
8 components of the first lesson:
1 - objective 2 - description 3 - evaluate with patient/illustration 4 - demonstrate 5 - application of disclosing agent 6 - instruction 7 - summary 8 - instruction at the end of the appointment
what is the objective of the first lesson?
to remove biofilm
what should we be describing during the first lesson?
describe how biofilm relates to caries and periodontal disease
what should we be evaluating with the patient in the first lesson?
draw or have prepared materials for explanation
what should we be demonstrating for the patient in the first lesson?
have patient observe in mirror to see, compare healthy to unhealthy gingiva
