Health Promotion for Toddlers (1-3 years)

Question 1

Anterior Fontanel

Answer 1

closes by 18 months of age.

Question 2

Weight

Answer 2

at 30 months of age, toddlers should weigh 4 times their birth weight.

Question 3

Height

Answer 3

Toddlers grow 3” per year.

Question 4

Head Circumference

Answer 4

equal to chest circumference by 1-2 years of age.

Question 5

Piaget

Answer 5

Cognitive Development.
Sensorimotor stage transition to the preoperative stage around 19-24 months.
The concept of object permanence becomes fully developed.
Toddlers have and demonstrate memories of events that relate to them.
Domestic mimicry (playing house) is evident.
Preoperational thought does not allow for toddler to understand others viewpoints, but it allows them to symbolize objects and to initiate previously seen actions.

Question 6

Language Development

Answer 6

Language increases to about 300 words by the age of 2 years.
1 year: using one word sentences; or holophrases.
2 years: using multiword sentences by combining two or three words.
3 years: combining several words to create simple sentences using grammatical rules.

Question 7

Erikson

Answer 7

Psychosocial development.

autonomy v shame and doubt

Question 8

Autonomy V Shame and doubt

Answer 8

Independence is paramount for toddlers, who are attempting to do everything by themselves.
Toddlers often use negativism, or negative responses, as they begin to express their independence.
Ritualism, or maintaining routines, provides a sense of comfort for toddlers as they begin to explore the environment beyond those most familiar to them.

Question 9

Moral Development

Answer 9

Closely associated with cognitive development.

Punishment and obedience orientation begin with a sense that good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished.

Question 10

Egocentric

Answer 10

toddlers are unable to see things from the perspective of others; they can only view things from their personal points of view.

Question 11

Self Concept Development

Answer 11

Toddlers progressively see themselves as separate from their parents and increase their exploration away from them.

Question 12

Body Image Changes

Answer 12

Toddlers appreciate the usefulness of various body parts.

Toddlers develop gender identity by 3 years of age.

Question 13

Age Appropriate Activities

Answer 13

Solitary play evolves into parallel play, in which toddlers  observe other children and then might engage in activities nearby. 
Filling and emptying containers. 
playing with blocks
looking at books
push-pull toys
tossing balls
finger paints
large-piece puzzels
thick crayons

Question 14

Temper Tantrums

Answer 14

results when toddlers are frustrated with restrictions on independence. Providing consistent, age-appropriate expectations helps toddlers to work though frustration.

Question 15

Toilet Training

Answer 15

can begin when toddlers have the sensation of needing to urinate or dedicate. Parents should demonstrate patience and consistency with toilet training. Nighttime control might develop last.

Question 16

Discipline

Answer 16

should be consistent with well-defined boundaries that are established to develop appropriate social behavior.

Question 17

Gross Motor Skills at 15 months

Answer 17

Walks without help. Creeps up stairs.

Question 18

Gross Motor Skill at 18 months

Answer 18

Runs clumsily; falls often. Throws ball overhand. Jumps in place with both feet. Pull sand pushes toys.

Question 19

Gross Motor Skills at 2 years

Answer 19

Walks up and down stairs by placing both feet on each step.

Question 20

Gross Motor Skill at 2.5 years

Answer 20

Jumps across the floor and off a chair or step using both feet. Stands on one foot momentarily. Takes a few steps on tiptoe.

Question 21

Fine Motor Skill at 15 months

Answer 21

Uses cup well. Builds a tower of two blocks.

Question 22

Fine Motor Skill at 18 months

Answer 22

Manages a spoon without rotation. Turns pages in book, two or three at a time. Builds tower of three or four blocks.

Question 23

Fine Motor Skill at 2 years

Answer 23

Builds tower of 6-7 blocks. Turns pages of books one at a time.

Question 24

Fine Motor Skill at 2.5 years

Answer 24

Draws circles. Has good hand-finger coordination.

Question 25

Immunizations

Answer 25

the CDC immunization recommendations for healthy toddlers 12 months to 3 years of age. 12-15 monthsL inactivated poliovirus, hib, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, measles, mumps, and rubella, and varicella. 12-23 months: Hep A, given in 2 doses at least 6 months apart. 15-18 months: diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis. 12-36 months: yearly influenza

Question 26

Nutrition

Answer 26

Children might establish lifetime eating habits during early childhood. Toddlers begin to develop taste preferences and are generally picky eaters who repeatedly request their favorite foods. Psychologic anorexia occurs, resulting in toddlers becoming fussy eaters because of a decreased appetite. Toddlers should consume 24-28 oz milk per day and mat switch from drinking whole milk to drinking low fat milk after 2 years of age. Juice consumption should be limited to 4-6oz a day. Trans fatty acids and saturated fats should be avoided. Diet should include 1 cup of fruit daily. Food serving size should be 1 tbsp for each year of age, or 1/4 to 1/3 of adult portion. Toddlers generally prefer finger foods because of increasing autonomy. Regular meal times and nutritious snacks best meet nutrient needs. Snacks or deserts that are high in sugar, fat, or sodium should be avoided. Foods that are potential choking hazards should be avoided. Adult supervision should always be provided during meal or snack times. Toddlers should not be allowed to engage in drinking or eating during play activities or while lying down. Foods should be cut into small, bite-sized pieces to make them easier to swallow and to prevent choking. Parents should follow the US department of Agricultures Guidelines.

Question 27

Sleep and Rest

Answer 27

Toddlers typically average 11-12 hours of sleep per day, including one nap. Naps often are eliminated in older toddlerhood. Resistance to bedtime and expressions of fears are common in this age. Maintaining a regular bedtime and bedtime routines are helpful to promote sleep.

Question 28

Dental Health

Answer 28

Children should have an established dental home by the age of 1 year. Flossing and brusing should be preformed by the adult caregiver and are best methods for removing plaque. Brushing should occur after meals and at bedtime. Nothing to eat or drink, except water, is given to the child after the bedtime cleaning. Fluoride is supplemental for children living in areas with without adequate levels in drinking water. Early adulthood caries is a form of tooth decay that develops in toddlers and is more common in children who are put to bed with a bottle of juice or milk. Consumption of cariogenic foods should be eliminated id possible. If not, frequency of consumption should be limited.

Question 29

Aspiration of Foreign Objects.

Answer 29

Small objects that can become lodged in the throat should be avoided. Toys that have small parts should be kept out of reach. Age-appropriate toys should be provided. Clothing should be checked for safety hazards. Balloons should be kept away from toddlers. Parents should know emergency procedures for choking.

Question 30

Bodily Harm

Answer 30

Sharp objects should be kept out of reach. Firearms should be kept in locked boxes or cabinets Toddlers should not be left alone with any animals present. Toddlers should be taught stranger safety.

Question 31

Burns

Answer 31

Temperature of bath water should be checked. Thermostats on hot water heaters should be turn down to less than 120 F Working smoke detectors should be kept in the home. Pot handles should be turned toward the back of the stove. Electrical outlets should be covered. Toddlers should wear sunscreen when outside.

Question 32

Drowning

Answer 32

Toddlers should not be left unattended in bathtubs. Toilet lids should be kept closed. Toddlers should be closely supervised near pools or any other body of water. Toddlers should be taught to swim.

Question 33

Falls

Answer 33

Doors and windows should be kept locked. Crib mattresses should be kept in the lowest position with the rails all the way up. Safety gates should be used across the top and bottoms of the stairs.

Question 34

Motor Vehicle Injuries

Answer 34

Infants and toddlers remain in rear facing car seats until the age of 2 years of the height recommended by the manufacturer. Toddlers over the age of 2 years old, or who exceed the height recommendations for rear facing car seats, are moved to a forward facing car seat. Safest area for infants and children is the backseat of the car. Do not place rear facing car seats in the front of vehicles with deployable passenger airbags.

Question 35

Poisoning

Answer 35

Exposure to lead pain should be avoided. Safety locks should be placed on the cabinets that contain cleaners and other chemicals. The phone number for a poison control center should be kept near the phone. Medications should be kept in the childproof containers, away from the reach of toddlers. A working carbon monoxide detector should be placed in the home.

Question 36

Suffocation

Answer 36

``` Plastic bags should be avoided. Crib mattresses should fit tightly. Crib slats should be no farther than 6cm Pillows should be kept out of cribs. Drawstrings should be removed from jackets and other clothing. ```