Health Promotion of the Infant - Adolescent Flashcards
(36 cards)
How would you determine how many teeth an infant should have?
You get the age of child in months – 6 = number of teeth
Ex: 8 month old child – 6 = should have 2 teeth
What are some child rearing approaches for children with intense temeraments?
Parents should not self-blame; establish and adhere to routines; remain calm during difficulty
What are nightmares and when do they occur?
Nightmares: second half of night; scary or bad dream followed by awakening; often crying and able to recount the dream
When school age children externalize stress they may display what behaviors?
Agression and delinquency
Describe thumb sucking / pacifier use in infants, when does it peak, and what are some potential problems associated with it?
- Sucking is reflexive and pleasurable for infants
- Pacifier use controversial
- AAP: recommends use of pacifiers up to 6 months and wean second 6 months
- Pacifier use should not replace feeding
- Thumb sucking peaks 18-20 months, mostly when hungry, tired or feeling insecure
- Potential for malocclusion if thumb sucking > 4 years or when permanent teeth erupt
- Cultural variations
When school age children internalize stress they may display what behaviors?
- May be Withdrawan
- Have delaying tactics
- Daydreaming a lot
Define growth
It is an Increase in physical size
How would you care for an infants primary teeth once they erupt?
- When primary teeth erupt: clean teeth and gums with damp cloth
- Switch to soft-bristled toothbrush when more teeth erupt and routine established; use water instead of toothpaste
- Begin fluoride at 6 months if not receiving fluoridated water
- First dental visit by 1 year
Describe the easy or flexible temerament style
The infant is happy, regular in sleeping and eating habits, adaptable, calm, not easily upset; even tempered
Define development
A sequential process by which infants and children gain various skills and functions
What is Telegraphic speech?
Speech that contains only the essential words to get the point across, common in toddlerhood.
Ex: instead of the toddler asking, “I am very hungry!”, the toddler would say, “I hungry”
Define maturation
An Increase in functionality of various body systems or developmental skills
Describe the nutritional needs of an infant druing the 1st 6 months of life
- Human milk is the best source of nutrition
- Vitamin D 400IU/day for exclusively breastfed infants + iron supplements at 4-6 months
- Iron supplements not needed if taking iron-fortified cereal
- Commercial iron-fortified formula supplies all nutrients
- Not acceptable: whole, low-fat or skim milk for infants < 12 months
- Avoid honey (because of botulism), juices, carbonated beverages
- No water for infants. It takes of place in stomach of formula. > 6 months they can start taking in extra water
What are some immunologic system changes seen in newborns?
- Newborns receive large amounts of maternal IgG for the first 3 months
- This confers immunity for antigens to which the mother was previously exposed.
- Infants synthesize their own IgG, reaching approximately 40% of adult levels at age 12 months.
- IgM is produced in significant amounts after birth, reaching adult levels by 9-12 months.
- IgA, IgD, IgE production increases gradually, maturing in early childhood.
What are tanner stages?
They physical measures of the hormonal changes that are responsible for the dramatic changes in secondary sexual characteristics that occur during puberty
What is the leading cause of fatal injury in children < 1 years old?
Aspiration is the #1 cause of fetal injury to children <1 years of age; so make sure you keep small objects out of the child’s reach!
NOTE: If the child is to eat hotdogs, make sure to have them cut into irregular pieces to prevent aspiration
What is crawling?
moving forward with belly on the floor pulling with arms and pushing with legs
What is creeping?
moving on hands and knees with stomach up; “on all 4’s” (by 9 months)
Describe the intense / less predicable temperament style
The infant has constant activity; easily distracted; cries often loud and intense; difficult to sooth when fussy; light sleepers; require great deal of attention from parents
What sre some stress responses to be investigated further by the nurse in school age children?
- Stomach pains or headache
- Sleep problems
- Bed-wetting
- Changes in eating habits
- Aggressive or stubborn behavior
- Reluctance to participate
- Regression to earlier behaviors (e.g., thumb sucking)
All of these indicate the child is stressed
When a child has a question about sexuality, how should the parent respond?
Find out what the child knows and thinks
- Give correct and accurate information
- Answer only what is being asked
Answer honestly in a developmentally appropriate manner
- Use anatomically correct words
- Keep answers factual
What is acrocyanosis?
- Cyanosis in the hands and feet, and this is normal in newborns
- You don’t want to see central cyanosis (in face and mouth)
Describe the nutritional needs of an infant druing the 2nd 6 months of life
- Human milk or iron-fortified formula continue to be primary nutrition
- As solid food consumption increases, the quantity of milk should decrease
- 4-6 months: physiologically and developmentally in a transition period to solid foods (they can start eating solid foods if ready)
- Iron-fortified rice cereal (mixed with breast milk or formula) first choice
- Introduce one solid food every 5-7 days; pureed vegetables and fruits
- 1 tbsp per year of age (i.e. ½ tbsp at 6 months)
- Safety and digestibility: stay away from – nuts, small hard food (raw carrots), grapes are choking hazards
What is the nurse’s role in childhood health promotion / health maintenance?
Assessment of the family/child:
- Make sure the child is getting age appropriate screening tests
- Conduct developmental surveillance
- Obtain a health history
- Conduct a physical exam
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