Health Psychology Flashcards

Question

Family Theory: define Disengagement

Answer 1

extreme family type in which each family member is cut off emotionally from one another and functions without regard for the other

Answer 2

extreme family type in which family members are overly involved in one another’s lives and family relationships are undifferentiated, closed, and diffuse

Answer 3

extent to which one separates emotions and intellect and maintains a sense of self (ie, people whose intellectual functioning is dominated by feelings and who depend on others are poorly differentiated)

Answer 4

a process whereby a person withdraws or denies the importance of their family (may be a geographic separation)

Answer 5

emotionally interdependent people who form a system organized by their individual and collective thoughts, feelings, and relationship history; typically are formed by people with similar levels of differentiation

Answer 6

parents unconsciously project their difficulties onto the child with the lowest level of differentiation (ie the most vulnerable child)

Answer 7

dysfunctional rules and dynamics transmitted over generations (learned behaviors, roles, emotional habits, communication styles, etc)

Answer 8

the smallest stable relationship; triangulation is a mechanism by which 2 people try to stabilize their tense, anxious relationship by involving a 3rd party

Answer 9

chronic anxiety, external pressures, and stresses lower the family’s functional differentiation

Answer 10

1. Mindfulness training: activated areas of the brain will get more blood flow  more oxygen, more glucose, more capillaries develop– literally thickening that part of the cortex 2. Epigenetics: perceptual influence on cellular expression 3. Experiential association: “Neurons that fire together wire together”

Answer 11

``` R = recognize A = accept I = investigate: be curious, analyze, question N = not-self it: see it in a larger, more objective, less personal way B = breathe; allow for release; activate parasympathetic systems O = open to new possibilities, actively establish new opportunities W = welcome in new possibilities with a positive felt-sense ```

Answer 12

“Here I am”: the sense of an emergent self Birth – 2 mos “Hey, Look at Me!”: the sense of a core self 2-7 mos “Honey, I’m cold. Don’t you want a sweater?”: the sense of a subjective self About 1 yr, child begins to realize they have a inner, private world that is invisible to others. “No, I don’t want a nap! I want to play!”: the sense of a verbal self 15-18 mos **Remember: The listened-to child is a confident child, and adults aren’t so different either***

Answer 13

consciously resonating with and replicating another’s state (matching tone, posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, etc) Good mirror = Good listener = appreciates us as we are, accepts the feelings and ideas we express

Answer 14

``` Engage the patient Empathize with the patient Elicit the patient’s medical history and biopsychosocial information Educate the patient Enlist the patient in treatment ```

Answer 15

``` Blending: – assessing speech/body language Conveying empathy Creating a safe space Clinician genuineness Clinician expertise ```

Answer 16

- Sympathy implies a SHARED burden and may burn the practitioner out. This puts the practitioner in a position of being unable to help and heal. - Empathy is when you BORROW feelings to observe and understand them without taking them onto yourself. - Pity is a condescending sense an my lead to feelings of contempt and rejection.

Answer 17

Cognitive component Affective component Communicative component

Answer 18

``` Decode = ability to understand what patients are communicating with their nonverbal expressions Encode = doctors ability to control their own emotional expressions via nonverbal cues ```

Answer 19

an active process of being attentive, taking in information and feelings accurately and completely, and rephrasing what you have heard to check its accuracy

Answer 20

Ask for clarification Reflect content Reflect feeling Reflect meaning

Answer 21

``` Active-passive model (patient abdication) Guidance-cooperation model (paternalistic style) Mutual participation model (collaboration, shared decision-making style) Consumerism model (patient autonomy) ```

Answer 22

Hear Interpret Evaluate Respond

Answer 23

Collect information Give affirmation Respond to “inflammation”

Answer 24

Personal needs Assumptions: we make a conclusion with incomplete information and create a perceptual bias; “you only see what you believe” Domination: threatening, ordering, being bossy, criticising, name-calling Manipulation: withholding relevant information, interrogating, praising to manipulate Disempowerment :diagnosing motives, untimely advice, changing the topic, persuading with logic, topping Denial: refusing to address the issue, reassuring

Answer 25

``` L Listen E Explain A Acknowledge R Recommend N Negotiate ```

Answer 26

Through the filter of beliefs, emotions, meanings, images, habitually anticipated outcomes, etc. we all perceive an event differently --- our early relationships shape our perceptual abilities/tendencies.

Answer 27

``` Conscious and unconscious beliefs Conscious and unconscious interpretation Memory and past experience Expectations CNS activation Emotional state ```

Answer 28

Erik Ericson psychological development is defined by a strong need to deal with 8 particular core issues that become active at different times in our lives we constantly try to understand who we are, the greatest challenge is to develop a coherent sense of self - the way these 8 core principles develop is integral to our perception and reaction to the world.

Answer 29

``` Trust vs mistrust Birth to 1year to get, to give in return hope, faith Ex/Def: sensory distortion/withdrawal. ```

Answer 30

``` Autonomy vs shame and doubt 1-3 years to hold on, to let go Will + Determination Ex/Def: impulsivity + compulsion ```

Answer 31

``` Initiative vs guilt 3-6 years to go after, to play Purpose + Courage Ex/Def: Ruthless/inhibition ```

Answer 32

``` Industry vs inferiority 7-11years to complete, to make things together Competence Ex/Def: narrow virtuosity/inertia ```

Answer 33

``` Identity vs role confusion Adolescence to be oneself, to share oneself Fidelity + Loyalty Ex/Def: Fanaticism/Repudiation ```

Answer 34

``` Intimacy vs isolation young adulthood to lose and find oneself in a another Love Ex/Def: promiscuity/exclusivity ```

Answer 35

``` Generativity vs stagnation Middle Adulthood to make be, to take care of Care Ex/Def: overextension/rejectivity ```

Answer 36

``` Ego integrity vs despair Late Adulthood to be, through having been, to face not being Wisdom Ex/Def: presumption/despair ```

Answer 37

Physicians should take their opportunities to reinforce positive character traits that are already underlying in our patients character. There are 36 character traits + authors of the article for week 5 argue that 3-5 directed reflections about the a quality the patient has will reinforce their own acceptance of that trait.

Answer 38

Mentalizing means having the ability to identify, be aware of, and pay attention to mental states in oneself and others 2 things promote a secure attachment and thus enable mentalizing – 1) attune to the mental state of oneself or one's patient 2) consider its cause

Answer 39

Low level of psychological symptoms Adequate social connections and healthy relationships Affective expressiveness Healthful neuroplastic and epigenetic effects (promotes Vis)

Answer 40

Psychological symptoms Difficulties with affect Perceptual bias and cognitive distortions Interpersonal difficulties Intrusion of or avoidance of traumatic events Health-obstructing neuroplastic and epigenetic effects (obstructs/stagnates Vis)

Answer 41

Epi = “over, above, on top of, in addition to” The term has evolved to include any process that alters gene activity without changing the DNA sequence, and leads to modifications that can be transmitted to daughter cells *Our lifestyles and environment change the way our genes are expressed*

Answer 42

- turning genes on and off in a developing embryo - separates coding and regulatory sequences - can be spliced in and out during RNA processing to make variants of the same gene.

Answer 43

1. "DNA makes RNA makes protein” But non-coding RNA are involved in many processes; important to regulate when and where a protein is made. 2. Non-coding DNA has risen from "junk" to a "driver of complexity" - how does deregulation cause disease? 3. Life is protein 4. The complexity is impressive: each protein usually interacts with only 5-15 other molecules. 5. Small changes makes big differences: sequence or folding changes can cause severe disease.

Answer 44

the NERVOUS SYSTEM operates under the influence of the EMOTIONAL CENTERS of our brain Our UNCONCSCIOUS beliefs: Deeply ingrained physiologically Deeply ingrained in our perception Able to be re-conditioned: disharmonious psychophysiology is reversible Genes are turned on or off by the environment The cell’s fate is “controlled” by its interaction with the environment and not by a self-contained genetic program

Answer 45

When early environmental influences are chronically stressful, the developing nervous system and other organs of the PNI super-system repeatedly receive the electric, hormonal, and other chemical messages that the world is unsafe or even hostile. Those perceptions are programmed in our cells on the molecular level

Answer 46

``` Impair the flow of Vis Induce stress Generate stagnation: “one step forward, two steps back” Cause frustration in life Induce dissatisfaction with Self Create biochemical change Perpetuate disease ```

Answer 47

``` Personal medical history Family medical history Biological determinants of health Psychological determinants of health Social determinants of health ```

Answer 48

Content = the words, the message, the details; LODRFICARA Process = the unspoken meanings, motivations, and intentions; the dynamics of relationships; the styles of communication; meta-communication

Answer 49

The introduction (1-3 minutes): what to expect today etc. The opening or the “scouting” phase (7-9 minutes): “So what brings you here today?” The body (approximately 30-35 minutes): To expand content regions discovered to be most relevant to the presenting problem or case analysis The closing (5-10 minutes): summarize visit, talk about future visits + plans, ask the patient is they have questions/concerns. The termination: a handshake, a smile, a touch on the arm, etc

Answer 50

“spontaneous gate:” patient leads, doctor follows “natural gate:” patient gives cue statement, doctor uses to transition at that moment “referred gate:” doctor uses cue statement previously offered by patient to transition “phantom gate:” no cue statement or in-moment reference “implied gate:” typical of everyday conversation

Answer 51

Swing questions “can you describe your feelings about that?” Qualitative questions: “how has your mood been?” Statements of inquiry: “so you left the marriage after 3 years?” Empathetic statements “it sounds like a troubling time for you.” Facilitatory statements “Go on"

Answer 52

a perceptual bias where you only notice and attend to that which confirms your beliefs. *Treating a maraton runner for IT band injury assuming they're otherwise healthy*

Answer 53

a decision-making bias where a doctor decides on a diagnosis early and fits subsequent information to it, ignoring information that that does not fit *i.e. anxiety patient, you do a thorough psychosocial history and no physical examination*

Answer 54

Process emphasizes AWARENESS: both the patient’s awareness and the awareness of the doctor It is an in-the-moment awareness of INTERNAL mental and emotional experience as well as awareness of EXTERNAL dynamics between individuals Consider Questions like: at what points does the interviewee show enthusiasm and emotion, and what kinds of emotion? Recognize that you may not get through to the other person unless YOU adapt your style of communication

Answer 55

Susan asks for details because she is interested; Drew feels interrogated Paul wants Jane to get to the point; Jane feels that Paul isn’t interested in what she has to say When conversational styles differ, misunderstandings happen much more easily.

Answer 56

Disclosure: when, if ever should we disclose our own experience. In general it should not be done. Humour: laughter can be good! Intimacy: is inherently linked to boundaries we need to learn to meet the patient where THEY are at. *if you're patient is a distancer, the worst thing you can do is act as a pursuer!* Notice SELF INTIMACIES: patients may hold their own hands when speaking about certain topics etc.

Answer 57

- As individualized as a fingerprint - A highly reliable source of information from the body - Generate symptoms to signal imbalances and to process information that is held out of awareness - Responsive to mind-body treatment

Answer 58

Grounding:Practice being connected to and present in your body Stabilization: Being present in this moment, with a manageable level of arousal Mentalization:Create a valid story that allows you to make meaning from your experience and supports your sense of self

Answer 59

Step 1: Heart Focus Step 2: Heart Breathing Step 3: Heart Feeling - this is the most important step. While maintaining the other 2 steps recall a positive experience and feeling and allow yourself to 're-experience' it.

Answer 60

we REACT without thinking, led by our emotions and our biochemistry, our cognitive scripts and schemas, our habits, our unconscious drives and motives, our conditioned responses, and our learned behaviors To RESPOND is to be present, to be aware and mindful of your power to choose; to direct yourself purposefully towards a desired outcome; to maintain emotional integrity

Answer 61

deliberate coping responses: intentional responses chosen in the present moment scripted coping responses: blueprints or “default” plans for thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that were developed in childhood and adolescence as part of one's broader cognitive belief system These may keep you bound to destructive/maladaptive patterns.

Answer 62

Anger often results from BLAMING others Anger is often associated with: Perfectionism Denial Feelings of loss of control ``` Anger is often a compensation for: Fear Self-doubt Feeling rejected or lonely Guilt Pain or anticipated pain ``` When anger is inappropriately expressed, it also has negative biochemical and interpersonal effects (especially effects cardiovascular health)

Answer 63

Guilt often  unwarranted self-criticism and lingering rumination, regret, and self-punishment The challenge with guilt is to turn the guilt into positive learning for the future What constructive information can I learn from this?

Answer 64

Shame is different from guilt because it is about who you are (rather than something you have done) Shame  desire to hide, to avoid others, to mask self and give others what you think they want, to please others and validate your worth through their approval When dealing with feelings of shame, it is essential to build self-awareness, self-esteem, and self-confidence

Answer 65

Worry = apprehensive expectations; concern taken to over-concern; usually includes excessive rumination May require multiphasic interventions on the behavioral, cognitive, and imagery levels Essential: to teach and practice using tools for coping with distress A good start is teaching relaxation techniques: deep breathing, progressive relaxation, guided imagery Helpful to discuss "worst case scenarios"

Answer 66

Motor Tension - trembling, fatigue, muscle soreness. Autonomic Hyperactivity: palpitations, SOB, dizziness, sweating, diarrhea. Vigilance and Scanning: startles easy, irritable, sleep problems.

Answer 67

Depression has many etiologies: A reaction to traumatic life events (the death of a loved one, loss of a job, divorce, etc) A chemical disturbance: serotonin, NE, dopamine The result of accumulated fatigue A reaction to disharmony somewhere in your life (family, work, marriage, etc) Quality of relationship between physician and patient is especially important Need to consider whether depression is reactive or endogenous and to understand patient’s view on why they feel this way Journaling may be helpful for patients who need to express their feelings Cognitive therapy also very effective because it helps patients change distorted thinking Lifestyle factors can be strong interventions: exercise has been shown to be very effective in reducing depression as a stand-alone treatment

Answer 68

Dark emotions can be profound spiritual teachers - if we can live mindfully with them. Her approach as psychotherapist is to practice "emotional alchemy" in which she focuses on accepting dark emotions and turning them into their lighter counterparts (we talked about this with Dr. Godfrey - remember: every negative emotion the brain can produce has its antidote in the vis)

Health Psychology Flashcards

(92 cards)