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Health Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological Approach to Stress

A

Our body’s physiological systems react to stress.

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2
Q

Psychological Influence on Stress

A

How we appraise or think about stressful events can impact how stressed we feel, as well as how that stress impacts our health.

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3
Q

Sociocultural Factors for Stress

A

Sociocultural factors can impact the types of stressor we are exposed to, how we appraise them, and ultimately how they affect us.

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4
Q

Stress Appraisal

A

How you interpret a stressor

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5
Q

Are stressors usually psychological or physical?

A

Psychological

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6
Q

Challenge Appraisal

A

challenge appraisals are associated with beneficial stress responses

Will challenge our resources but we think we are well prepared and can handle it

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7
Q

Threat Appraisal

A

Appraisals are associated with maladaptive or harmful stress responses

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8
Q

Holmes and Rah Life Change Units (LCUs) and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

A

Major life events that draw on our resources can leave ourselves vulnerable to illness

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9
Q

Limitations of LCUs and SRRs

A

Doesn’t account for individual differences in how stressors are appraised

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10
Q

What are arguably more important for mental health (daily uplifts or daily stressors)?

A

Daily Uplifts

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11
Q

Which of these is the strongest predictor of health problems: significant life events, frequency of daily uplifts, and persistent hassles?

A

persistent hassles

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12
Q

3 Features of Stressors

A

Controllability
Predictability
Persistence

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13
Q

ACEs

A

Exposure to early life stress and childhood trauma can have adverse consequences on health decades later

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14
Q

What percentage of emerging adults more yearly

A

more than 30%

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15
Q

What is the avg amount of jobs ppl have in their twenties?

A

7

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16
Q

What percent of emerging adults report not making as much progress in their careers as they had hoped

A

70%

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17
Q

What percent of emerging adults move back in with their parents

A

40%

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18
Q

What percent of young adults spend time living with a romantic partner?

A

66%

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19
Q

Role Overload

A

Juggling multiple roles simultaneously (e.g., working parents)

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20
Q

Scarcity Hypothesis

A

Because of limited time and energy, competing demands of work and family will lead to role overload and role conflict (e.g., for working parents), and thus will have a negative impact on health.

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21
Q

Enhancement hypothesis

A

The benefits of meaningful work (e.g., for self-esteem, sense of purpose) outweigh the costs, and thus working parents will experience health benefits.

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22
Q

When do workers feel the most stress

A

When they have little or no control over the procedures, pace, and other aspects of their jobs

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23
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The expedience of stress in a situation in which a person’s ability, appearance, or other characteristic has the potential to confirm a negative viewpoint about their social group

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24
Q

Role Conflict or Ambiguity

A

unclear or mixed messages about your work responsibilities or how you will be evaluated

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25
How do our bodies physically react to stress?
Increased heart rate Dilated pupils Stress hormones released Digestion slows Increased blood flow to the muscles Stored energy converted to a form that is directly usable by muscles
26
Function of The Nervous System
The cells of the nervous system are the body’s primary communication system
27
What is the fast acting endocrine system
Sympatho-Adreno-Medullary (SAM) Axis Sympathetic nervous system activates adrenal stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine Fight or flight
28
What is the slow acting endocrine system
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) axis The body's delayed response to stress, involving the secretion of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal cortex Returns to homeostasis
29
How does stress make you sick?
Short-term stressors can trigger up-regulation of immune function Long-term, chronic stressors can have damaging effects by suppressing immunity and increasing inflammation
30
What does chronic inflammation lead to?
Coronory Artery
31
Married Couples Study
Took a tiny bit of skin off and then had half of the couples argue, and they found that the arguing couples took longer to heal
32
Hernia Study
Those who had higher levels of stress took longer to heal after a hernia study
33
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
Subfield of health psychology that emphasizes the interaction of psychological (psycho), neuroendocrine (neuro), and immunological processes in stress and illness
33
What happens during an immune response?
A type of white blood cell called lymphocytes expands causing swelling and inflammation (you may have noticed swollen lymph nodes when you are sick)
34
Direct Effect Hypothesis
Immunosuppression part of body's natural response to stress HPA and SAM axes activate release of stress hormones Stress hormones bind to receptors on T cells, B cells, lymphocytes
35
Indirect Effect Hypothesis
Stress may encourage maladaptive behaviors that disrupt immune functioning Substance use, poor sleep, exercise, and nutrition
36
Allostatic Load
Cumulative long-term effects of the body’s physiological response to stress Decreased immunity Increased abdominal fat Decreased hippocampal size and function Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines
37
General Adaption Syndrome
In response to stress, the body enters an alarm phase during which resistance to stress is temporarily suppressed while coping resources are mobilized. Then, it rebounds in a phase of increased resistance to stress as the individual copes with the stressor. This resistance can only last so long and in response to prolonged stressors, the body enters into a third phase of exhaustion. Coping resources are depleted and individuals become more vulnerable to health problems.
38
Diathesis Stress Model
Individual's susceptibility to stress and illness is determined by two interacting factors: Predisposing Factors (in the person) Precipitating Factors (from the environment)
39
Coping Definition
The cognitive, behavioral, and emotional ways that people deal with situations that are appraised as stressful
40
Is coping dynamic of a one time process
dynamic
41
Engagement Coping
Taking action and confronting the source of stress
42
Avoidance Coping / Disengagement
Ignoring or escaping stressor
43
What is more effective in the long term: Engagement or Disengagement Coping?
Engagement
44
Problem-Focused Coping
Dealing directly with stressful situation either by reducing its demands or by increasing our capacity to deal with the stressor
45
Emotion Focused Coping
Attempting to regulate our emotional reaction to a stressful event rather than to the stressor itself
46
Approach Oriented Emotional Coping
Usually involved using cognitive strategies to change the way we appraise a stressor
47
Avoidance Oriented Emotional Coping
Repressive Coping
48
Rumination
Thinking repetitively about an upsetting situation
49
Emotional Cascade
Intense Rumination
50
Dispositional Affect
The tendency to respond to situations in a predictable way
51
What does Positive Affect predict?
Better physical and mental health
52
What does negative affect predict?
Higher Allostatic Load
53
What does the harm of NA depend on?
Culture Ex. America vs Japan
54
What does optimism lead to?
Leads to lower cortisol, blood pressure, inflammation
55
Psychological Control
The belief that we make our own decision and determine what we do or what we allow others to do to us
56
Regulatory Control
Our capacity to modulate thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
57
Resilience
The process of adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, or significant sources of stress
58
Matching Hypothesis
Different stressful situations create different needs and support that is responsive to these differences is most effective
59
Social Support Buffering Hypothesis
Social support mitigates stress indirectly by helping us cope more effectively → less likely to ruminate
60
Social Support Direct Effect Hypothesis
Social support enhances the body’s physical response to challenging situations through better immune functioning, encouraging healthier lifestyles, and better relationships with medical professionals
61
Relaxation Respnose
Participants assume the meditative state in which metabolism slows and blood pressure lowers
62
Diaphragmatic Breathing and Visualization
When we’re stressed our breathing is often short and rapid
63
Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management (CBSM)
multimodal intervention combining relaxation training, visualization, cognitive restructuring, reinforcement, and other techniques
64
Stages of stress innoculation training
Stage 1: Reconceptualization – changing appraised meaning of stressor Stage 2: Skills Acquisition – calming yourself down Stage 3: Follow-through
65
What two main categories contribute to resillience?
Personal and External Resources
66
What type of coping does our class do the most of?
Problem focused coping
67
How do pessimists view life setbacks
Internal, stable, and global
68
3 Types of Relaxation Therapies
- Progressive Muscle Relaxation - Relaxation Response - Diaphragmatic Breathing and Visualization
69
People who receive strong social support experience
- Faster recoveries and fewer medical complications - Lower mortality - Less distress in the face of terminal illness
70
Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction
- Focuses on using structured meditation to promote moment-to-moment nonjudgmental awareness to override autopilot - Decreases stress, depression, and anxiety in cancer patients - Reduces distress and possibly slows disease progression in people with HIV - Increases activity in prefrontal cortex and other parts of limbic system - May improve immune functioning and reduce some chronic health risks
71
What assumption is CBT based on?
Based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events (such as stressors) and our emotional reactions
72
What does CBT help with?
Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management has been shown to help people cope with hypertension and with depression associated with chronic illness
73
What positive health benefits is emotional disclosure associated with?
Emotional disclosure is associated with a variety of positive health benefits - Lowers cardiovascular mortality - May increase sources of reinforcement and social support - Encourages cognitive reappraisal - More helpful in coping with physical rather than psychological challenges

Health Psychology (2 decks)

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