Health Sciences

Question 1

What are the 5 steps to understand The Scientific Method?

Answer 1

1. Observation/Theory
2. Generate Hypothesis
3. Gather Data
4. Analysis Data
5. Draw Conclusions

Question 2

Define the scientific method?

Answer 2

The Scientific Method involves repeating generating and testing theories and hypothesis

Question 3

What us inferential uncertainty

Answer 3

Wether the pattern we find in data in something we would find normally or if it actully means something

Question 4

What is a z-score

What is the calculation for a z-score of a group

Answer 4

Z-scores represent how far that value is from the population mean in standard deviation units

Z-score for group- X - u
o / N

Question 5

What does which of these symbols mean

Z-score=
X
u
o

Answer 5

X = score
u = population
o = population standard deviation

Question 6

What is a confidence interval

Answer 6

An estimated range of variables for a population parameter

An average of 9 weeks (point estimate) or between 7-9 weeks (confidence interval)

Question 7

What are effect sizes

n2, Cohen’s d, r2

Answer 7

Measure of the size of an effect that ignores the sample size –> a measure of practical significance
Is it ACTULLY important

Cohen’s d = M1-M2
6
Difference between population means ÷ standard deviation

Question 8

Effect Sizes

Small effect = ______
Medium effect = ______
Large effect = ______

Answer 8

Small = 20
Medium = 50
Large = 80

Question 9

What is the equation for varience

Answer 9

Average distance of each response from the average response

= E ( x-x )2
N-1

Question 10

What is a Quasi Experiment

Answer 10

When you can’t manipulate the IV and just measure the DV

Question 11

What is a Quasi Experience

Answer 11

When you can’t manipulate the IV and just measure the DV

Question 12

The value of r is always between
_____ and _____

Answer 12

-1 and 1
R2 is always 0-1 because squared numbers are always +

Question 13

What are the strength of relationship for

Weak 0.00 -> _____
Moderate _____ -> .49
Strong 50 -> ______

Answer 13

Weak 0.00 -> .29
Moderate 0.30 -> 0.49
Strong 0.50 -> 1.00

Question 14

Interpreter the correlation
1. r(498) = .62, p .047
2. r(500) = .36, p .063
3. r(367) = .48, p .024

Answer 14

1. Strong positive correlation, significant
2. Moderate negative correlation, not significant
3. Moderate negative, significant

Question 15

Why would we do a one sample t-test

What are the degrees of freedom

Answer 15

When you don’t know what the standard deviation of the general population

Between-Subject-Desig

Df = N-1

Question 16

a) what is an IV

b) what is a DV

Answer 16

a) independent variable: variable manipulated by the experimenter
- can be more then one
- in some cases can be measured

b) dependant variable: measured observing how the IV influences the DV

Question 17

What is Pearson’s r

Answer 17

• correlation coefficient - measuring the relationships between variables
• r2 is the amount of shared variance between the tested variables

Question 18

What is a two-tailed test

What is a one-tailed test

Answer 18

Two-tailed - non-directional, rejection regions on both sides

One-tailed - directional, only care about one side

Question 19

What is a type I error

What is a type II error

Answer 19

Type I error: When you incorrectly reject the Ho

Alpha (a) probability of type I

Type II error: when you incorrectly accept the Ho

Beta (b) probability of type II

Question 20

What are odds ratios

Answer 20

Written as OR

Relative measure of effect - compare an intervention group to a control group

Represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odd of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure

Question 21

What is

1. Content Analysis
2. IPA
3. Narrative Analysis
4. Discourse Analysis
5. Thematic Analysis

Answer 21

1. Analysis of content (what is being said)
2. Interpretation phenomenological Analysis (IPA) (how people identify meaning)
3. Examine people’s use of stories
4. Analysis written, spoken, or signed language (about how its being said)
5. Summarise key ideas - comparrison

Question 22

What are the ethical principles of research

Answer 22

-Autonomy (voluntary participation? Capacity discontinuation)

• Beneficence and non-maliticence (Benefits,Harm?)
• Informed concent (required, deception, debrief)
• Confidentiality (identifiable, data storage)
• Justice (social impacts)
• Integrity (conflict of interest, Intellectual property?)

Question 23

What is the standard error of the mean

What’s is the formula

Answer 23

Standard error of the mean is the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size

6
N

Question 24

What is a within - subjects t - test vs between subjects t - test

Answer 24

The same subjects are used/exposed to the IV at different times

Mean = difference score (D)

The experimental manipulation occurs between the control group and experimental groups

Question 25

What are inferential statistics What is a p value

Answer 25

Making predictions about a population based on a sample takes from the population P value = probability

Question 26

What do these symbols mean 1. X 2. D 3. SD 4. u 5. N 6. B 7. a 8. 6 9. S2 pooled

Answer 26

1. Mean of the population or sample 2. Mean difference 3. Standard deviation 4. Population mean 5. Total number of participants 6. Beta 7. Alpha 8. Standard deviation 9. Pooled variance -> average of two variences

Question 27

What are the assumptions of t-tests

Answer 27

Assumptions of Independence Assumptions of Normality - nominaly distributed Assumptions of Equal Varience

Question 28

When to use correlation

Answer 28

When you want to quantify a linear relationship between to variables Neither of the variables are a response or outcome variable

Question 29

What is a positive correlation What is a negative correlation

Answer 29

Positive- the higher one score is, the higher then other Negative- as one value increases the other decreases

Question 30

What is the mean, medium, mode What's the equation for the mean and standard deviation

Answer 30

Mean - average response Median - the response of the average person Mode - most common response Mean = E X N SD = share root E (X - X) 2 N - 1

Question 31

What is power and its components

Answer 31

- probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis (H0) - power = I - B - beta is the likelihood of type II error - higher alpha increases power (a) - sample sizes increasing N increases power - sample variance smaller means more power

Question 32

What is the difference between parametric and non-parametric tests

Answer 32

- parametric depends on certain assumptions (interval or ratio data) - non-parametric tests are used when you don't have the appropriate data Aren't confident to make assumptions, data isn't normally distributed, distribution free tests

Question 33

What is validity a) construct validity b) external validity Name common threats

Answer 33

a) asking if it measures what it's suppose to b) can it be applied to the general population (generalise) Sampling bias, mortality, reactivity, observer effect, internal validity, testing effects, history effects, ecological validity.

Question 34

What is the scientific method Draw a flow chart

Answer 34

The process by which scientists collectively and over time, endevor to collect an accurate representation of the world. 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Conclusion 6. Result

Question 35

Give an example of the following - research hypothesis - null hypothesis (H0) - alternative hypothesis (H1)

Answer 35

What we think is going to happen Hypothesis that states nothing will happen H0 Hypothesis that states there will be a change H1

Question 36

What are examples of non-parametric tests

Answer 36

- Chi-square goodness of fit - Chi-square test of independence - Mann - Whitney U-Test - Wilcoxons signed ranks test - Krushal - Walt's test

Question 37

What is the chi-square formula

Answer 37

Pronounced kai-square Comparing observed frequencies with expected frequencies X2 = E (0-E)2 E 0 = observed/ obtained data E = expected frequencies

Question 38

What is Alpha

Answer 38

Alpha or a is the cut off If p value is smaller then Alpha then we reject the null hypothesis Usually 0.05.

Question 39

What are 4 types of research data

Answer 39

1. Nominal measures: response are categorised or classes (gender) 2. Ordinal measures: are ordered on a continuum but intervals are not always equal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) 3. Intervals measures: quantively related, equal Intervals with no true zero ( personality scale) 4. Ratio measures: similar to Interval but has a true zero (height,weight,age)