Health & Wellbeing Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
What is the negative definition of health and wellbeing?
A
The absence of physical illness, disease and mental distress
2
Q
What is the positive definition of health and wellbeing?
A
The achievement and maintenance of physical fitness and mental stability
3
Q
What is the holistic view of health and wellbeing?
A
The result of a combination of physical, intellectual, emotional and social factors
4
Q
What factors can affect health?
A
- exercise and diet
- substance misuse
- unprotected sex
- genetically inherited diseases
- preventing illness and risk management
- personal hygiene
- economic factors
- social factors
- environmental factors
5
Q
How can exercise affect health?
A
- joints, bones and muscles
- circulatory system
- respiratory system
- weight
- wellbeing
6
Q
How can exercise affect joints, muscles and bones?
A
- flexibility
- mobility
- strength and stamina
- bone growth
7
Q
How can exercise affect the circulatory system?
A
- changes blood pressure, makes body need to meet demand, so can cope in the future
- hypertension due to a lack of exercise
- heart disease when there’s a buildup on artery walls
8
Q
How can exercise affect the respiratory system?
A
- vigorous exercise improves lung function
* lack of exercise leads to loss of lung volume
9
Q
How can exercise help control weight?
A
- exercise uses energy - otherwise the food is stored as fat
- obese - at risk of heart disease, hypertension
- diabetes - too much sugar in blood, do not produce enough insulin, can damage eyes, nerves and kidneys
10
Q
How does exercise differ in the different life stages?
A
Infancy & Childhood - active during play
Adolescence - require stress exercise to improve bone growth
Adulthood - work and family reduce exercise
Later adulthood - reduce in strength and mobility increases risk
11
Q
How can exercise affect intellectual development?
A
- improve concentration
* learn skills and rules of games
12
Q
How can exercise affect emotional wellbeing?
A
- enjoyable
- improved self esteem
- feeling content
- sense of achievement
- improved body image
13
Q
How can exercise affect social wellbeing?
A
Wider social circle
14
Q
What are the two groups of chemicals found in food?
A
- macro - large (g)
* micro - small (mg)
15
Q
What are the macronutrients?
A
- protein
- carbohydrates
- fat
16
Q
What does protein help with?
A
- growth of muscle
- tissue repair
- secondary source of energy
17
Q
What do carbohydrates do?
A
Release energy
18
Q
What are the types of carbohydrates?
A
- starch - slow releasing energy
* sugar - fast releasing energy
19
Q
What does fat help with?
A
- insulation
* protects body from knocks
20
Q
What are high biological value proteins (HBVs)?
A
- from animal sources - meat, fish, dairy
- complete
- contain full dose of essential amino acids
21
Q
What are low biological value proteins (LBVs)?
A
- from vegetable sources - beans, nuts, seeds
* incomplete, missing one or more essential amino acids
22
Q
What are complimentary proteins?
A
When two LBV proteins are eaten together to provide better quality proteins
23
Q
What are the micronutrients?
A
- vitamins
* minerals
24
Q
Are some vitamins water soluble?
A
Yes - they are more sensitive to cooking so are lost more quickly, need to be eaten every day
25
Which vitamins are water soluble?
B and C
26
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
A, D, E and K - can be stored in the body
27
What are some minerals needed by the body?
* calcium - from dairy, strong bones
| * iron - development of haemoglobin
28
What does vitamin B do?
Releases energy and maintains nerve endings
29
What does vitamin C do?
Fight disease
30
What can obesity lead to?
* type 2 diabetes
* heart disease
* high cholesterol
* strained joints
31
How does diet affect health during infancy?
* from birth - breast milk containing components needed to enable growth
* weaned off milk only to some solid foods aswell
32
How does diet affect health during childhood?
* only like narrow range of foods
* growing so need nutrients
* obesity in childhood means it's harder to control weight later on
33
How does diet affect health during adolescence?
* continue to grow so need a protein rich diet
* need more of each component
* after puberty girls need more iron than boys
* worry about body image = inadequate diet
34
How does diet affect health during adulthood?
* less active so food energy requirements decrease but people eat the same so gain weight
* pregnant women need extra vitamins and minerals but not fats and carbs
* overweight adults - less mobile, require less energy
* diets are not the best way to lose weight
35
How does diet affect health during later adulthood?
* have smaller appetites
* less elastic stomachs mean less food intake
* become less active so do not lose a lot of weight
* mobility problems - gain weight
36
What are some substances that are misused?
* tobacco
* alcohol
* solvents
* illegal drugs
* legal drugs
37
What affect does tobacco have on health?
* illnesses like bronchitis
* cancer - mouth, throat, lung
* increase risk of stillborns
* wrinkled skin
* increase risk of hypertension
* addiction
38
What is binge drinking?
* when someone drinks more than recommended on a particular occasion
* after heavy drinking shouldn't drink for 48 hours
39
What are the ways that alcohol can be misused?
* binge drinking
| * alcoholism
40
What is alcoholism?
* addiction to alcohol
* typically concealed
* causes drunkenness - more likely to have an accident
* can damage liver long term
41
What effects can alcoholism have on health?
* cirrhosis - liver damage
* mouth and throat cancer
* damage to nerve cells
* addiction
42
What effects can solvent misuse have on health?
* cause dizziness when breathed in, leading to accidents
| * cause death by stopping heart, liver disease and lung damage
43
What are some solvents that can misused?
* cigarette lighter fuel
* glues
* aerosols
44
What effects can illegal drugs have on health?
* cannabis - risk factor for cancers
* ecstasy - brain damage
* cocaine - depression
45
What illegal drugs are there?
* ecstasy
* cannabis
* heroine
* cocaine
46
What effects can legal drug misuse have on health?
* prescription drugs - people become addicted without realising
* long term can cause kidney failure
47
Substance misuse in infancy and childhood?
* rare
| * effects of having parents who misuse substances can be severe - neglect and physical abuse
48
Substance misuse in adolescence?
* many drink alcohol
* common to try smoking and illegal drugs
* peer pressure
49
Substance misuse in adulthood?
* misuse from adolescence continued
* might be addicted
* some reduce their misuse
50
Substance misuse in later adulthood?
* more likely to become ill
* more risk of misusing substances
* feeling anxious about not having the drug
51
What are some STIs that can affect health?
* HIV
* gonorrhoea
* chlamydia
* herpes
* genital warts
52
Symptoms of HIV?
* virus
* at first fever like symptoms
* after 10 years - AIDS which damages immune system and can cause cancer, pneumonia and eventually death
53
Symptoms of Gonorrhoea?
* bacteria
* not present at first
* pain when urinating
* discharge from penis/vagina, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility in women
54
Symptoms of herpes?
* virus
* often without symptoms
* blisters or sores in genital area
55
Symptoms of chlamydia?
* bacteria
* often without symptoms
* later pelvic inflammatory disease, possible infertility in women
56
Symptoms of genital warts?
* virus
* symptoms not present at first
* warts appear later and can itch
57
Treatment for HIV?
* no cure
| * antiretroviral drugs control infection, preventing AIDS
58
Treatment for gonorrhoea?
• antibiotic drugs cure infection
59
Treatment for chlamydia?
• antibiotic drugs cure the infection
60
Treatment for herpes?
* no cure for infection
| * antiviral drugs reduce symptoms
61
Treatment for genital warts?
* no cure
* immunisation can prevent infection
* warts can be removed
62
Which genetic disorders can affect health?
* Down's syndrome
* Huntington's disease
* PKU
* colour blindness
* haemophilia
63
What are the main features of Down's syndrome?
* reduced intelligence
* small mouth with tongue that may stick out
* flat back of head
* palm may only have one crease on it
* eyes that slant upwards and outwards
64
What are the main features of Huntington's disease?
* nerve cell death
* lack of emotions
* difficulty concentrating
65
What are the main features of PKU?
* toxin in the blood
* behavioural difficulties e.g. tantrums or self harm
* fairer skin and hair
* eczema
66
What are the main features of colour blindness?
* difficulty in telling colours apart
| * inability to see shades of the same colour
67
What are the main features of haemophilia?
* failure of blood to clot
* blood in urine and stools
* deep bruises
* bleeding gums
* nosebleeds
* joint pain
68
What is the cause of Down's syndrome?
One extra chromosome
69
What is the cause of Huntington's disease?
One faulty dominant gene
70
What is the cause of PKU?
Two faulty recessive genes
71
What is the cause of colour blindness?
* two faulty recessive genes in females
| * one faulty recessive gene in males
72
What is the cause of haemophilia?
One faulty recessive gene in males
73
Effects of Down's syndrome on health and wellbeing?
Reduced school achievement
74
Effects of Huntington's disease on health and wellbeing?
Forgetfulness, clumsiness, loss of motor control, personality change
75
Effects of PKU on health and wellbeing?
Damage to organs e.g. Brain
76
Effects of colour blindness on health and wellbeing?
Some problems with vision
77
Effects of haemophilia on health and wellbeing?
Loss of blood, anaemia, internal bleeding
78
Treatment for Down's syndrome?
Special education
79
Treatment for Huntington's disease?
Drugs to reduce symptoms
80
Treatment for PKU?
Low protein diet and amino acid supplement
81
Treatment for colour blindness?
Tinted lenses
82
Treatment for haemophilia?
Regular injections of clotting factor
83
What is health monitoring?
Checking a persons health regularly
84
How do screening and monitoring differ?
Monitoring has no particular target population
85
Who is health monitoring used for?
People already ill, at risk of illness or are recovering
86
Methods of health monitoring?
* temperature
* pulse rate
* blood pressure
* peak flow
* sugar levels
* weight
* height
* BMI
87
What is the normal human body temperature?
37*C
88
What happens when human body temperature drops 5 degrees?
* hypothermia - need to be warmed up
| * confusion, loss of consciousness and can die
89
What happens when human body temperature is 1-2 degrees higher than it should be?
• fever - when the immune system is fighting infection
90
When is blood pressure measured?
When a person is released and at rest
91
What is the higher blood pressure reading?
Systolic pressure - the moment the heart pumps blood out as a pulse
92
What is the lower blood pressure reading?
Diastolic pressure - pressure between pulses
93
What is the average systolic pressure?
120mmHg
94
What is the average diastolic pressure?
80mmHg
95
How is blood pressure taken?
* inflated cuff wraps around a person's arm at rest
* cuff stops blood flow to arm
* air pressure inside cuff is measured by a column of mercury - air is gradually let out the cuff until pressure is low enough to allow a pulse
* listen to pulse with stethoscope and read of systolic pressure in mmHg
* let more air out of cuff until there's no sound of a pulse in the arm
* read off diastolic pressure in mmHg
96
What is a pulse?
Every time the heart pumps out blood there's a brief increase in pressure
97
How is pulse rate measured?
* resting pulse rate - place 2 fingers on skin above artery in neck or wrist
* count number of pulses over 30 seconds and double it
OR
• stress test - exercises that encourage heart to work faster
OR
• recovery pulse rate
98
What is a normal pulse rate for a healthy adult?
60-80bpm
99
What does it mean if someone has a high pulse rate for their age?
* unfit
| * may have heart disease
100
What is resting heart rate?
When pulse rate is measured at rest
101
What does peak flow measure?
How well the respiratory system is working - the maximum rate which a person can blow air out of their lungs
102
What is peak flow measured using?
A peak flow meter
103
What are the average peak flow rates for adults?
* 630dm3 in men
| * 470dm3 in women
104
How is peak flow measured?
* meter is set to zero
* person takes a deep breath and blows into cardboard tube as hard as they can
* reader gives a reading in litres per minute
* do it 3 times
* highest score is the peak flow
105
What can a blood sugar test show?
Whether a person has diabetes or not
106
How are blood sugar tests taken?
* a blood sample is taken and sent to a lab for analysis
| * small electronic blood sugar monitors are available which give an instant result by pricking a finger
107
What does BMI indicate?
How healthy a person might be
108
What does it mean if someone has a high BMI?
They are overweight at greater risk of disease
109
How is BMI calculated?
Weight divided by the square of their height
110
How is a digital blood pressure monitor used?
* put the cuff on her upper arm or wrist whilst at rest
* press start button
* cuff inflates which will stop blood flow
* record systolic pressure
* cuff will deflate to release pressure
* record diastolic pressure
111
What can blood pressure readings indicate?
* normal range - healthy
* high - risk of heart attack, may have circulatory disease
* low - faint or dizzy but not life threatening
112
How are blood samples taken?
* vein is on inside of elbow or wrist
* tight band placed around upper arm so vein fills with blood
* skin cleaned and needle inserted into vein
* needle connected to syringe
* band undone, blood is taken and needle removed
113
How are self samples of blood taken?
small electronic blood monitors are available which give an instant result by pricking a finger
114
What is risk management?
Reducing danger to workers and public
115
What do risk assessments include?
Identifying hazards, who may be harmed, how much risk is present, and how they can be prevented
116
How does risk management affect health and wellbeing? (PIES)
P - enables people to take part in activities that may improve health
I - people think more deeply about what they want to achieve
E - people can go out and do adventurous things
S - requires people to work together and protect each other
117
What is health promotion?
Educating people about risks to health and how to live a healthy lifestyle
118
How is health promotion achieved?
Education in schools about diet and health and campaigns using posters, websites and TV adverts
119
Why is health promotion ineffective at illness prevention?
* people with risky lifestyles may ignore health promotion
* people may not believe the information
* people think it interferes with their freedom
120
What are the most effective forms of illness prevention?
Taxation and legislation e.g. increased taxes on alcohol and tobacco
121
What can personal hygiene reduce?
Spread of infection
122
How can poor personal hygiene affect health and wellbeing? (PIES)
P - lead to risk of infection
I - no effects
E - lack confidence and low self esteem
S - socially isolated if people are repelled by smell
123
Personal hygiene during infancy?
* cannot control excretion - nappy changes
| * kept away from dirt to reduce risk of infection but not too clean, of they will have a weaker immune system
124
Personal hygiene during childhood?
* only have poor hygiene if neglected by parents
| * can go to toilet by themselves
125
Personal hygiene during adolescence?
* armpit leads to increased BO
| * hygiene practices are more important as they want to be physically attractive
126
Personal hygiene during adulthood?
• continue hygiene practices established in adolescence
127
Personal hygiene during later adulthood?
* become more difficult with decreased mobility
| * memory loss - forget to wash
128
What do economic factors include?
* financial resources
* work
* poverty
* unemployment
129
Why do adequate financial resources help people to stay healthy?
* pay for food - enough to eat, balanced diet
* maintain good hygiene
* housing is safe
* leisure activities provide exercise
130
What are the effects of poverty on health and wellbeing? (PIES)
P - poor diet and lack of exercise
I - poor children won't afford educational aids like books
E - money worry causes stress and anxiety, low self esteem
S - can't afford social events
131
Are there links between poverty and ill health?
* people in poverty have much worse health and short life expectancy
* babies born to poor families have lower birth weights
* people with poor health - too ill to work, less income
* people with less education - don't know about balanced diet or health risks
* so poor turn to risk behaviour e.g. drugs
132
What social factors can affect health?
* education
* leisure
* relationships
* social isolation
* stress
133
How can education affect health and wellbeing? (PIES)
P - learn ways to improve health e.g. learn about a balanced diet
I - can be stimulating and benefiting, or boring
E - improve self esteem and sense of achievement - finding out you're good at something improves self concept
S - brings people in contact with peers
134
How can leisure activity affect health and wellbeing? (PIES)
P - provides time for people to exercise
I - follow interests that are intellectually demanding
E - break from stress
S - spend time with family and friends
135
How can supportive relationships affect health and wellbeing?
* physical contact is pleasurable for people of any age
* self esteem increases when people like you
* being with others is stimulating
* relationships give a feeling of security
136
What are the negative effects of social isolation?
* lack of support from others
* lack of protection
* decline in hygiene, diet and self care
* loneliness
137
What are some ways that social isolation can occur?
* mental disorders
* hospitalisation
* imprisonment
* loss of family member
138
How can stress affect health and wellbeing? (PIES)
P - raise blood pressure in the long term, disturbed sleep, tiredness, headaches, loss of appetite
I - reduce concentration
E - irritable, anxiety and depression
S - strain on relationships, people are less able to treat others well
139
What environmental factors can affect health?
* housing
| * pollution
140
When is housing inadequate?
If it is:
* dirty
* damp
* unsafe power supply
* no heating or hot water
* overcrowded
* infested with vermin
* not fitted with safety equipment e.g. fire alarms
141
What are some negative effects of inadequate housing on health and wellbeing? (PIES)
P - risk of fire, electrocution, carbon monoxide poisoning and falls
I - not enough space for children to study or play
E - lack of privacy, stress = low self esteem
S - people may not want to invite friends round
142
What does environmental pollution include?
* poor air quality
* water pollution
* noise pollution
* radioactivity
* vermin
143
What is the main source of radioactivity?
Rocks
144
What are some negative effects of environmental pollution on health and wellbeing? (PIES)
P - lack of sleep due to noise, respiratory illness due to pollution, disease spread by vermin
I - worry and lack of sleep reduce concentration
E - noise and vermin can cause anxiety and irritability
S - disputes with noisy neighbours reduces social contact
145
What are the ways of preventing illness?
* immunisation
* screening
* health monitoring
* safety and risk management
* health promotion
146
What is screening?
Where all the members of an at-risk population are checked to see whether they have a disease
147
Examples of health screening?
* heel-prick test for PKU
* breast cancer screening
* cervical cancer screening - smear test
148
Preventing illness and managing risk in infancy?
* 2 weeks - heel prick test for PKU
* 2-4 months - DTP-Polio-Hib vaccine given
* MMR at 9, 12 and 15 months
149
Preventing illness and managing risk in childhood?
* booster MMR vaccination
* children with asthma monitor own health using a peak flow monitor
* schools assess risk for activities
150
Preventing illness and managing risk in adolescence?
* at 12 girls are vaccinated against HPV (an STI)
* schools and sports clubs have to assess and manage risks
* receive education about lifestyle and health
151
Preventing illness and managing risk in adulthood?
* women screened for cervical cancer
* pregnant women have blood pressure checked
* people travelling to foreign countries are vaccinated
* workplaces have to assess and manage risks for employees
152
Preventing illness and managing risk in later adulthood?
* screening for bowel cancer
* some GP practices offer regular health checks
* residential homes have to assess and manage risks
153
Positive effects of work on health and well being?
P - requires physical activities which helps to maintain fitness. requires a good standard of hygiene
I - stimulating
E - doing a worthwhile job increases self-esteem
S - involve social contact (customers, colleagues) and so increases social circe
154
Negative effects of unemployment on health and well being?
P - less active, less motivated to maintain personal hygiene
I - unstimulating, boredom
E - lower self-esteem
S - social isolation
155
How can supportive relationships increase well being?
* physical contact (cuddling) is pleasurable
* self-esteem increased knowing people like you
* being with others is interesting and stimulating
* relationships provide security
156
Relationships in infancy?
* parents feed, clean and protect infant
* attachment - feeling of safety
* neglect
157
Relationships in childhood?
* self-esteem affected by attention and approval from parents
* parents have troubled relationship = reduce child's self-esteem and feeling of safety
158
Relationships in adolescence?
* rely on parents for food, clothes and protection
* peers become more important
* peer pressure
159
Relationships in adulthood?
* long-lasting romantic relationships and employment give sources for social support
* bad romantic relationships lead to anxiety, depression, stress
* not in a relationship, employed - social isolation
160
Relationships in later adulthood?
* fewer relationships - social isolation
* death of partner
* lose mobility
