Healthcare Data, Information, and Knowledge

Question 1

in the case study presented, who was the patient?

Answer 1

Dave de Bronkart

Question 2

when was Dave diagnosed?

Answer 2

January 2007

Question 3

what illness was Dave diagnosed?

Answer 3

a kidney cancer that had spread to both lungs, bone, and muscles

Question 4

was Dave’s initial illness disturbing?

Answer 4

yes. his prognosis was noted to be grim

Question 5

where was Dave initially treated?

Answer 5

he was treated at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, with a combination of a surgery and enrolled in a clinical trial of High Dosage Interleukin-2 (HDIL-2) therapy

Question 6

when was Dave thought to have beaten cancer?

Answer 6

July 2007

Question 7

what did Dave become when he was initially treated and beaten cancer?

Answer 7

he became a blogger and an advocate and activist for patient empowerment

Question 8

when did Dave decided to copy his medical record?

Answer 8

March 2009

Question 9

where did Dave copied his record?

Answer 9

Google Health

Question 10

what is a Google Health?

Answer 10

it is a personally-controlled health record or PHR

Question 11

why was copying of data to google health automated?

Answer 11

because Beth Israel Deaconess had worked with Google to create an interface (or conduit) between their medical record and Google Health

Question 12

what is the medication David was taking, and what is it for?

Answer 12

hydrochlorothiazide - a common blood pressure medication

Question 13

what were the worse issues of Daves new medical record?

Answer 13

• his new record has long list of deadly diseases
• no dates attached in every disease dave had ever had
• conditions listed in the new record, dave never had.

Question 14

what was the illness that he had - the most scary one, and deadly?

Answer 14

aortic aneurysm - a potentially deadly expansion of the aorta, the largest artery in the human body

Question 15

possible reason of error in the transmission of Dave’s medical record

Answer 15

• in part, it was because the system transmitted billing codes, rather than doctor’s diagnoses.

Question 16

it became clear that data transmission is simply not enough. how can it be fully useful?

Answer 16

systems must not mangle the meaning as they input, store, manipulate, and transmit information. meaning should be clear.

Question 17

what are the urgent warnings in dave’s record?

Answer 17

• requires immediate attention
• discuss with doctor soon
• hydrochlorothiazide and low amount of potassium in blood

Question 18

what are the list of conditions that reflected in the newly-created PHR of dave?

Answer 18

• acidosis
• anxiety disorder
• aortic aneurysm
• arthroplasty (total replacement of hip)
• bone disease
• cancer
• chest mass
• cancer metastasis to bone
• chronic lung disease
• depressed mood
• depression
• diarrhea
• elevated blood pressure
• hair follicle inflammation with abscess in sweat gland areas
• health maintenance
• hydradenitis
• hypertension
• inflammation of the large intestine
• intestinal parasitic infection

Question 19

it is a largely domain of information

Answer 19

data

Question 20

data is motivated by specific applications along with?

Answer 20

general approaches to classes of problems that involve computation

Question 21

vocabularies and meaningful data is an example of?

Answer 21

informatics

Question 22

databases, searching, sorting and data are example of?

Answer 22

computer science

Question 23

what is the common denominator of informatics and computer science?

Answer 23

information retrieval

Question 24

it contains only relevant parts of the ‘physical world’ relevant to computation?

Answer 24

conceptual model

Question 25

it is a design based from conceptual model; the representations must be defined

Answer 25

computation model

Question 26

it contains the information one wished to represent

Answer 26

representing world

Question 27

it is the rapport between the represented world and representing world

Answer 27

mapping

Question 28

what is semantic equivalent?

Answer 28

it sets a range of possible diagnosis ex. '1' can mean lung cancer 'or' ICD-9-CM

Question 29

what is interoperability?

Answer 29

it is the consistency of interpretation

Question 30

what are the important factors in interoperability?

Answer 30

source system, receiving system, and associated information

Question 31

what is the core goal of science?

Answer 31

transformation of information into knowledge

Question 32

in clinical world, available knowledge is best described as?

Answer 32

justified.

Question 33

what has existing evidence that is true rather than proven fact?

Answer 33

justified

Question 34

what do clinical research informaticians do?

Answer 34

- leverage informatics to enable and transform clinical research - they assist researchers to accomplish their goals faster and cheaper than using existing methods

Question 35

this develop methods that allow researchers to do things that they cannot do using methods

Answer 35

transform data

Question 36

transform data unifies?

Answer 36

aggregated data for making 'wise' decisions

Question 37

data from these are sourced from electronic health records; has administrative functions

Answer 37

clinical data warehouses

Question 38

narrative, initial assessment is?

Answer 38

unstructured (free text)

Question 39

what is a structured data?

Answer 39

- it follows a certain 'format' - has prescription, lab results billing - easier to manage

Question 40

what is the natural language?

Answer 40

human language

Question 41

what is meta-data?

Answer 41

it is the data that describe other data

Question 42

CDW 5 uses (from comparison slide)

Answer 42

- can use analytics - can perform 'group' analytics - not updated real-time - for equality assurance monitoring - identification of trends

Question 43

EHR 5 uses (from comparison slide)

Answer 43

- raw - individual profiles of patients - realtime update - interface-reliant - present time

Question 44

what are the usses of aggregated clinical data? give 3

Answer 44

- familiarity with the nature of health records - concept extraction - classification

Question 45

familiarity with the nature of health records includes

Answer 45

billing code, and other structured data

Question 46

concept extraction of clinical data includes

Answer 46

- issues on identification of unstructured data - requires mapping and going over with the meta-data

Question 47

classification of clinical data includes

Answer 47

- categorizing data into two or more categories

Question 48

what are the three future trends of HIT?

Answer 48

- gains popularity nowadays among physicians - must augmented human cognition and abilities - must embrace paradigm shifts

Question 49

these are observations reflecting differences in the world

Answer 49

data

Question 50

this is a meaningful data or facts from which conclusions can be drawn

Answer 50

information

Question 51

an information that is justifiably believed to be true

Answer 51

knowledge

Question 52

what is the domain of information technology professionals and computer scientists

Answer 52

data

Question 53

what is the domain of informatics and informaticians

Answer 53

information and knowledge

Question 54

what helps convert data into information?

Answer 54

vocabularies

Question 55

what is the core concern of informaticians?

Answer 55

transformation of data into information and knowledge

Question 56

what should match to get useful answers from the computer?

Answer 56

matching of real world, conceptual model, and computational model

Question 57

is there a large "semantic gap" between health data and health information?

Answer 57

yes.