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Human Physiology (1) > Hearing > Flashcards

Hearing Flashcards

Explain sound waves and how pitch, loudness and tonal quality effect them Describe the anatomy of the ear Explain how we are sensitive to different frequencies Explain how we are sensitive to sound loudness and location Explain how the organ of corti generates APs Describe some different types of deafness

1
Q

What is sound?

A

Sound is transmitted through disturbance in the air

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2
Q

How does the human ear hear?

A

It detects these small changes in pressure using mechanoreceptors: 20Hz - 20kHz

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3
Q

What is the Doppler effect?

A

The Doppler effect is caused by sound waves being affected by relative motion

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4
Q

What happens as a car moves towards you?

A

The sound waves are compressed, increasing the pitch

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5
Q

What happens as a car moves away from you?

A

The sound waves are stretched, lowering the pitch

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6
Q

What are 5 parts of the outer ear?

A 
Cartilage - the ear
Pinna - ear lobe
External auditory meatus - air tunnel
Temporal bone 
Tympanic membrane - ear drum
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7
Q

What are the 3 bones in the middle ear?

A

Malleus - hammer
Incus - anvil
Stapes - stirrup

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8
Q

What are the 2 muscles in the middle ear?

A

Tensor tympani
Stapedius
Contract to prevent damage by loud noise

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9
Q

What is the pressure equaliser called between outer and middle ear?

A

Eustachian tube

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10
Q

What does the oval window do?

A

Projects into the top section of the vestibular tube duct

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11
Q

What are the 4 parts of the inner ear?

A

Semicircular canals - sense equilibrium
Vestibulo-cochlear nerve
Cochlea - mechanoreceptors
Round window

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12
Q

What are the 3 chambers of the inner ear?

A

Scala vestiboli - vestibular membrane
Scala media - organ of corti
Scala tympani - basilar membrane

High frequency does not get far but low frequency does

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13
Q

How is pitch determined in the ear?

A

By which hair cells are affected

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14
Q

How is loudness measured in the ear?

A

Loudness is proportional to frequency of action potentials in hair cells

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15
Q

How is sound location measured by the ears?

A

Time difference in reaching 2 ears (low pitch) and difference in intensity (high pitch)

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16
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

It is made up of the vestibular membrane, basilar membrane and tectorial membrane. It has multiple hair cells which detect sound and translate it to the brain

17
Q

How do hair cells in the ear cause APs? (mechantransduction) (8)

A 
Fluid vibrates
Hairs bend
K+ influx from endolymph
Cell depolarisation
Receptor potential
VG Ca2+ channel opens
Neurotransmitter released
APs in afferent auditory nerve
18
Q

How does auditory information get to the primary auditory cortex?

A

Via the thalamus

19
Q

How can hearing loss occur?

A

Damage to unilateral A1

20
Q

How can cortical deafness occur?

A

Bilateral A1

21
Q

What are the 3 major types of deafness?

A

Conduction deafness - outer/middle
Nerve deafness - hair cells/inner ear
Cortical deafness - auditory cortex

22
Q

What is conduction deafness and what causes it? (3)

A

Impaired transmission in the outer/middle ear

Wax, ossicle degeneration and thickened tympanic membrane contribute to this

23
Q

What is nerve deafness and what causes it (5)?

A 
Damage to hair cells or nerves in the inner ear
Continuous loud noise
Drugs
Antibiotics
Diuretics
Genetics
24
Q

What is cortical deafness and what causes it? (2)

A

Damage to auditory cortex

TBI, stroke

25
Q

What is tinnitus and what causes it? (5)

A 
Sounds heard when no sound is present (ringing)
Damaged hair cells
Brain tumours
TBI
Ear infections
Noise-induced hearing loss
26
Q

What is amplitude?

A

Louder sound = higher amplitude of sound wave

27
Q

What is pitch?

A

Increased frequency of sound wave shows higher pitch

28
Q

What is tonal quality?

A

regularity in sound waves

Human Physiology (1) (21 decks)

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