Hearing, smell, and taste

Question 1

Primary cortex

Answer 1

inputs from the thalamic relay nuclei

Question 2

Secondary cortex

Answer 2

inputs from primary cortex and other areas of secondary cortex

Question 3

Association cortex

Answer 3

inputs from many parts but mainly from secondary sensory cortex

Question 4

Functional segregation

Answer 4

different parts of the same level are responsible for different functions

Question 5

Parallel processing

Answer 5

different areas of the same level will analyze different aspects of the same stimuli

Question 6

Hierarchical organization

Answer 6

specificity and complexity increases as you move up the levels

Question 7

What is the path for sound?

Answer 7

outer ear, tympanic membrane, three ossicles, oval window, cochlea, organ of corti, cilia, auditory nerves, cochlear nuclei, superior olives, cross over to medial lemniscus, inferior colliculi

Question 8

Amplitude

Answer 8

loudness

Question 9

frequency

Answer 9

pitch

Question 10

complexity

Answer 10

timbre

Question 11

Fourrier analysis

Answer 11

the breakdown of complex frequencies to analyze independent wave forms

Question 12

Cochlea

Answer 12

curled, shell-like organ
Fluid waves move through it, moving two thin membranes,
movement of these membranes is detected by cilia of haircells

Question 13

How are cilia attached?

Answer 13

they are attached together by a tip link, stretching the tip link causes ion channels to open and depolarize the neurons

Question 14

Tonotopic representation

Answer 14

membrane of cochlea vibrate by frequency
closer to oval window, higher frequency
farther from oval window, lower frequency
loud sounds generate larger vibrations

Question 15

Cochlear implant

Answer 15

consists of electrodes connecting to the cochlea, a speaker mounted behind the ear
the waves of sound are detected by the speaker and converted by the electrodes into signals for neurons

Question 16

How do we tell where sound comes from?

Answer 16

phase differences, intensity differences, timbre changes

Question 17

Phase differences

Answer 17

the time difference for sound waves to reach the cilia in one ear vs another
detected by medial olivary nuclei

Question 18

Intensity difference

Answer 18

detects higher frequency

lateral olivary nuclei detects differences in sound frequencies

Question 19

Timbre differences

Answer 19

sounds at different elevation have different timbres which is used by the ear to determine where sounds are coming from
cochlear nuclei is important for timbre differences

Question 20

What does the inferior colliculi do in relation to localization of sound

Answer 20

it puts together information from the lateral and medial olivary nuclei as well as the cochlear nuclei and sends information to the thalamus and onto the auditory cortex

Question 21

Auditory cortex

Answer 21

contains columns that respond to the same frequency
complex tones activate it better than pure tones
organized tonotopically
contains anterior (what) and posterior (where) streams

Question 22

What is the pathway for olfactory senses?

Answer 22

receptors at nasal cavity interpret it, send it through axons pass the cribriform plate and to the Glomerulus where similar smells are consolidated and then sent to the mitral cells which get sent to the piriform cortex and then to the amygdala or the thalamus

Question 23

Lateral inhibition

Answer 23

when one type of glomerulus is heavily activated, it will inhibit other neurons
this keeps noise in smelling down
some smells overpower others

Question 24

Anosmia

Answer 24

Lack of ability to smell

Question 25

Cacosmia

Answer 25

everything smells like species

Question 26

Hypersomia

Answer 26

sense of smell is exaggerated

Question 27

Phantosmia

Answer 27

Hallucinated smells, often unpleasant

Question 28

What are the five taste chemicals

Answer 28

bitter, sour, sweet, umami, salty

Question 29

Taste buds

Answer 29

located around papillae

chemoreceptors are on cilia of taste bud cells

Question 30

What are sour and salty detected by?

Answer 30

ion channels

Question 31

What are umami, sweet and bitter detected by?

Answer 31

g proteins

Question 32

How do taste buds send information

Answer 32

through facial, vagus, and glossopharyngeal nerves

Question 33

What is the path for taste?

Answer 33

taste buds, facial/vagus/glossopharyngeal nerves, solitary nucleus, projects ipsilaterally to thalamus, and then to insular cortex

Question 34

Dietary neophobia

Answer 34

an aversion to foods foreign to them

used to prevent from consuming spoiled food or poison