Hearing, speech perception Flashcards
3 stages of speech chain> (3)
1>how speech is produced–>articulatory phonetics
2>how speech is recorded–>acoustic phonetics; phonetics transcription
3>how do people listen to speech–>speech perception; auditory phonetics
hearing & perception>
-pitch as perceptual construct (related to f0 but not direct correspondent)
-filtration of background noise (our perceptual system can filter loud background noise)
What anatomy is are perception effects on hearing related to?>
some related to ear processing; some related to how brain processes sounds
peripheral auditory system=
auditory system which is not the brain
peripheral auditory system>summary of stages>
1>sound travels down ear canal>eardrum
2>eardrum moves in response to pressure fluctuations
3 bones in middle ear>
-malleus (hamemr)
-incus (anvil)
-stapes (stirrup)
Cochlea filtering process> (summary)
1>cochlea is filled with fluid & cells which convert pressure fluctuations into electrical signals (which go to brain)
2>different parts of cochlea resonate to different frequency components depending on membrane thickness
3>sound is broken down into different frequency bands
more in-depth cochlea filtering process>
1>sound as pressure vibrations in air (travel>external auditory canal>eardrum)
2>pressure fluctuations make the ear drum vibrate
3>ear drum connected to malleus
4>this transmits sound vibrations through the bones (incus>stapes>) >the cochlea
5>’organs or corti’ in cochlea have tiny hair cells which translate vibrations>electrical impulse (that are carried to brain)
6>depends on membrane thickness, how frequency bands are broken down
percetptions of loudness
- perceived loudness as not the same as pressure fluctuation in the air
-the auditory system COMPRESSRS some amplitude, so we can hear a greater range
pascals used for=
measuring air pressure
decibels=
non linear scale approximating perceived loudness
sones=
an entirely PERCEPTUAL scale
decibels vs sones vs pascals>
-pascals as 10x increase
-decibel as +20 increase
-sone as 4x increase
decibel scale features>
-increases at greater rate at LOWER end of scale; increases less as goes on
-as reaches around [1,000,000Pa] scale flattens out as hard to distinguish (just noisy)
evolutionary reasons for non-linear perception of loudness>
-survival–>environment vs food/animal sounds
perception of pitch>
- response of inner ear to different frequencies is non-linear
- inner ear more sensitive to lower frequencies
cochlear implants=
designed to mimic human functions of ear
cochlear implants-how works? process=
1>sound travels to ear & ‘sound processor’ (which sits behind ear)
2>microphones on sound processor pick up sounds
3>processor converts this to digital info
4>info transferred to implant under skin
5>implant sends digital sound signals down electrode>cochlea
6>hearing nerve fibres in cochlea pick up signals & send>brain
new def for phonolgoy according to sign lang=
meaningless units used in combination
stokoe 1960 findings>
-demstrated that signs in ASL are made up of ABSTRACT PARAMETERS (parallel to phonemes) which can be substituted to build different meanings & signs
stokoe 1960- what parameters did he propose for distinguishing minimal pairs in signs?>
-3 parameters he proposed:
>hand configuration
>location
>movement
original vs current proposal on sequential vs simultaneous processing in signs>
original: all signs NOT processed sequentially but simultaneously
now: some sequentially (hand configuration & location associated with timing of gestures); but also simultaneous sign perception
non-dominant hand signs types of use>
- can be used to continue subj of conversation while commentary is provided
- symmetrical signs (mirrors dominant hand)
-static & meeting (hand is static & place mirrors dominant hand)
prosody of sign language>
movements in sign considered to be SYLLABLES
>emphasis–>magnitude of gesture & eyebrows
>sentence structure–>expressed by clusters of prosodic markers (head tilt, eyebrow lowering, shoulder lowering, large intake of breath)
