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Year 2: Eyes and Ears > Hearing, taste and smell > Flashcards

Hearing, taste and smell Flashcards

1
Q

wavelenght determines what of sound

A

pitch

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2
Q

amplitude determines what of sound

A

intensity

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3
Q

basic sound transduction pathway

A
  1. sound waves hit tympanic mem and become vibrations
  2. sound wave energy transferred to 3 middle ear bones, which vibrate
  3. stapes attached to membrane of oval window. vibrations of OV cause fluid waves in cochlea.
  4. fluid waves push on flexible membranes of cochlear duct - hair cells bend and release neurotransmitter
  5. neuroT release onto sensory neurons –> APs travel through cochlear nerve to brain
  6. energy from waves tranfers across cochlear duct –> tympanic duct –> dissipated back into middle ear at round window
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4
Q

three middle ear bones

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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5
Q

where is perilymph (x2)

endolymph

A

perilymph found in vestibular and tympanic duct (above and below cochlear)
endolymph in cochlear duct

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6
Q

external auditory meatus supplied by which nerves

A

auricular branch of vagus

auriculotemporal branch fo trigeminal

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7
Q

which of the 4 tympanic membrane quadrants is safest to put a grommet

why would you put in a grommet

A

antero-inferior
(chorda tympani is in the postero-superior quadrant

put grommet in if otitis media with effusion

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8
Q

which part of which ossicle sits on tympanic membrane

A

handle of malleus

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9
Q

two muscles in middle ear cavity and their movements

A 
tensor tympani muscle (pulls ear drum medially, tenses tympanic mem, less vibration)
stapedius muscle (pulls base of stapes away from oval window so not all vibrations are transferred - protective)
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10
Q

nerve transmission from ear drum

A 
sound waves hit ear durm 
transferred in cochlear n
connected to chorda nuclei 
connected to olivary nucleus 
connected to motor nucleus of CN7 and CN 5
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11
Q

middle ear muscles supplied by (each)

A

tensor tympani supplied mandibular nerve of trigeminal

stapedius muscle supplied by facial

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12
Q

loss of function of middle ear muscles

A

tinnitis and hyperacusis (loud)

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13
Q

which muscles contract to open pharyngotympanic tube

A

tensor veli palatini

salpingopharyngeus

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14
Q

what is in the vestibule of the inner ear

A

utricle

saccule

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15
Q

what three things are in the bony labyrinth of inner ear

A

vestibule
semicircular canals
cochlea

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16
Q

what membrane inside cochlear changes thickness

A

basilar membrane - allows differentiation of frequencies

shorter frequencies travel further

17
Q

where is frequency signal detected

A

organ or corti
upward deflection of basilar mem –> moves inner/outer hairs laterally to tectorial mem

outer cells inc sensitivity of inner hair cells

18
Q

what causes signal transduction in cochlea

A

displacement of sterocilia oopens K channels

19
Q

what does kanamycin do

A

kills outer hair cells at specific point along cochlea - specific frequ hearing loss

20
Q

conductive hearing loss on Rinne and Weber

A

Rinne: bone conduction > air on affected side
Weber: sound louder on affected side

21
Q

normal hearing on rinne and weber test

A

rinne: air > bone
weber: same on both

22
Q

sensori-neural hearing loss rinne and weber

A

rinne: air > bone
weber: sound louder on normal ear

23
Q

three types of tongue papillae

A

valate (along sulcus terminalis, supplied by glossopharyngeal n.)
foliate (poorly developed)
fungiform (most numerous supplied by facial nerve)

24
Q

taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue detected by who

A

sensory neurons in geniculate ganglion of facial n
= chorda tympani branch (travels with lingual nerve –> infratemporal fossa –> petrotympanic fissure –> middle ear cavity –> joins facial nerve)

25
Q

taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

sensory neurons in inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal n

26
Q

neurons conveying taste (facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus) journey to cortex

A

3 form tractus solitarius
–> synapse in nucleus of tractus solitarius (gustatory) –> axons cross midline –> join medial lemniscus –> synapse in thalamus –> cortex

27
Q

olfactory receptors

A

bipolar neurons in olfactory epithelium –> axons go through cribriform plate of ethmoid of skull to olfactory bulb –> many brain location

Year 2: Eyes and Ears (6 decks)

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