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Heart Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Pulmonary circuit carries blood from where to where

A

Carries blood to and from the lungs

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2
Q

The systemic circulation of blood from

A

Carries blood to and from the rest of the body

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3
Q

How many times does a heartbeat per day

A

100,000 times a day

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4
Q

How many litres of blood does the heart pump a day

A

8000 litres of blood per day

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5
Q

The right atrium receives blood from where

A

The systemic circuit

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6
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood into…

A

The pulmonary circuit

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7
Q

The left atrium receives blood from…

A

The pulmonary circuit

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8
Q

The left ventricle Pumps blood into…

A

The systemic circuit

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9
Q

Which side of the heart receives oxygen poor blood

A

The right side

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10
Q

Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs

A

The left side

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11
Q

Location of the heart

A

Anterior to chest wall, behind the sternum, lies in the mediastinum between the lungs

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12
Q

Base of the Heart Leans towards the

A

Right shoulder

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13
Q

The Apex points towards the

A

Left hip

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14
Q

Apical impulse is palpated between

A

The fifth and sixth rib just below the left nipple

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15
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall

A

Epicardium myocardium endocardium

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16
Q

Describe the epicardium

A

Visceral, Outer layer made of epithelium and areolar connective tissue

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17
Q

Describe the myocardium layer of the heart

A

Muscular wall contains cardiac muscle blood vessels and nerves

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18
Q

Describe the endocardium layer of the heart

A

Covers the inside chamber of the heart made of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue

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19
Q

What is the pericardium

A

Serous membrane surrounds the heart and lies the pericardial cavity. Hold the pericardial sac containing fluid between the layers that helps reduce friction

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20
Q

What’s pericarditis

A

Information of pericardium. Known as creaking sound. Cause is pericardial friction rub

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21
Q

What is cardiac tamponade

A

What does excess food that leaks into the pericardial space you can compress the heart is pumping capability. Treatment is to draw fluid out of the cavity

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22
Q

What does the cardiac muscle tissue arrangement look like

A

Bands that rap or spiral around chambers to help pump in efficiency

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23
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells

A

Smaller than skeletal muscle cells, with a single nucleus within the cell, cells joined at intercalated disks

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24
Q

 What does the connective tissue in the heart do

A

Provide support for cardiac muscle fibers, blood vessels and nerves. Prevents over expansion of the heart and helps the heart return to normal shape after contraction … Forms cardiac skeleton

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25
What’s different about the right ventricle
Thinner myocardium Half moon shape Lower pressure
26
What’s different about the left ventricle
Thick myocardium Higher pressure - 4 to 5 times more Propels blood to whole body
27
Interatrial septum… What does it separate
The two atria
28
Interventricular septum separates what
The two ventricles
29
What does AV valve stand for
Atrioventricular valve Rt AV valve: tricuspid Lt AV valve: bicuspid (mitral)
30
Vessels of the right atrium name all three
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
31
What is the small depression in the inter-atrial septum in the adult heart versus child heart
Fossa ovalis in adults and foramen ovals in kids
32
Function of papillary muscles
Cone shaped muscles attached to the chordae tendineae. Help prevent back flow from ventricles to atria
33
WhT is regurgitation
When blood flows back into atria from the ventricles
34
What’s a heart murmur
Sounds made by small amounts of regurgitation of blood or by hardened valves
35
Trabeculae Carneae
Muscles ridges
36
Cusps are held together by…
Chordae tendineae
37
Semi lunar valves
Prevent back flow into ventricles Under less pressure so don’t require muscle bracing Aortic sinuses prevent cusps from sticking to aortic walls
38
2 conditions that weaken the heart
Incompetent valve: blood back flows so heat keeps trying to pump blood Valvular stenosis: stuff flap that doesn’t open so heart has to work harder to pump blood out
39
Rt coronary artery supplies blood to…
Rt atrium and parts of north ventricles
40
Lt coronary artery supplies blood to…
Lt atrium, Lt ventricle, interventricular septum
41
What’s anastomoses
Interconnections formed b/w arteries | Provide another route for blood supply to cardiac muscle
42
What are the great and middle cardiac veins
Drain blood from coronary capillaries and drain into the coronary sinus
43
What’s a myocardial infarction???
Known as a heart attach The infarction is the area of dead tissue Caused by disturbance in the blood flow Usually caused my coronary artery disease
44
Angina pectoris
Chest pain because of decifiency in blood delivery to myocardium Weak cells
45
It What sequence does the heart pump
A true cells first followed by ventricular cells
46
What are the two cardiac muscles involved in contraction
1. Contractile cells | 2. Cells of the conducting system
47
What do contractile cells do
- Produce contractions that propels blood - 99% of all cardiac muscle cells - Voltage gated channels that stay open longer than skeletal muscle contraction
48
Explain the property of automaticity
Cardia muscle tissues contract on its own even without neural or hormonal stimulation
49
Where is the SA node and what does it do
Electrical impulse that Begins the heartbeat (it’s a pacemaker) Located in the wall of the right atrium
50
What do the internodal pathways do
Distribute the contractile stimulus to the atria muscles cells as the electrical impulse travels down to the ventricles
51
Where is the AV node and what does it do
Located in the Junction b/w the atria and ventricles Also has pacemaker cells but they don’t affect the heart rate. If something happens to the SA node, the actual node makes sure the heart stays pumping
52
Where is the AV bundle and what does it do
Located in the septum b/w the ventricles | The only electrical connection b/w the atria and ventricles. This branches into bundle branches
53
What do the bundle branches do
The left one is much larger since it needs for strength to pump. Both of these extend to the apex of the heart and around the ventricles
54
What are the Purkinje fibres and where are they located
They are responsible for relaying electrical impulses from the bundle branches to contract the ventricles
55
What are the two pacemaker cells
SA node and AV node
56
What are the conducting cells
Bundle of HIS, rt and Lt bundle branches, purkinje fibres
57
Both Atria and ventricles contract at a rate of how many beats per minute
70-80 bpm
58
If the SA node fails the av node kicks in and contracts at a rate of ___bpm
40-60
59
How long does the sequence of Cardiac impulse across the heart take?
0.22 seconds
60
Arrhythmia
Irregular heart rhythm - uncoordinated contraction between the atria and ventricles
61
What is fibrillation
Rapid irregular contractions. To treat you would need to fibrillation to interrupt the twitching and give the heart a clean slate
62
Defective SA node can cause what
Ectopic focus - over pacing
63
WhT is extra systole
Premature contraction. Can be from too much caffeine or smoking. An impulse before the SA node can
64
What happens if you have a defective av node
Can get a heart block where few or no impulses reach ventricles and ventricles beat at their own intrinsic rate soo you would need a pace maker
65
Heart rate of bradycardia
Slower than 60 bpm
66
Rate of tachycardia
More than 100 Bpm
67
What’s an ectopic pacemaker
When abnormal cells generate action potentials so quickly that the SA and AV nodes are overridden
68
What is an ECG or EKG
Recording of electrical events of the heart is the diagnose cardiac arrhythmias or other abnormal cardiac activity
69
What is the P-wave
Indicates atrial depolarization 
70
What’s the QRS Complex
Ventricular depolarization and hidden atrial repolarization
71
What is the T-wave
Indicates a ventricular repolarization
72
P wave
Depolarization of SA node and atria
73
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
74
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
75
No p wave means…
The SA node doesn’t want to work and the av node steps in at 40-60 bpm
76
When you have more p waves than qrs waves
The av nodes doesn’t want to conduct some of the SA node impulses so you. Usually have two p waves for each qrs wave this is a second degree heart block
77
What is ventricular fibrillation look like on a EKG
Bumpy af… disorganized and random | Seen in acute heart attack of after electrical shock
78
What’s happening during “lubb” or S1
Av valves are closing
79
What’s happening during “dub” or S2
When the pulmonary and atrial valves close ( the semi lunar valves)
80
What happens during S3 and S4
Such a faint sound. It’s the atria is contracting and the ventricles are filling up with blood
81
What’s systole
Contraction of the heart
82
What’s diastole
When heart relaxes
83
What happened during ventricular filling
Atria relaxes and blood flows into ventricles | -End of diastolic volume
84
Isovolumetric contraction
Altria relax, ventricles contract
85
Isovulumetric relaxation
Ventricles relax | - end systole volume-
86
What is the sound when you have an incompetent valve that fails to close
You have lots of back flow and hear “swishing”
87
What is the sound here one valve fails to open completely
High pitched Creaking sound from stenosis valve
88
What is the stroke volume
Volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one beat
89
Cardiac output
Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle in one minute
90
How do you calculate cardiac output
Stroke volume. X heart rate
91
What is atrial reflex or bainbridge reflex
When you have an increase in venous return your heart rate is adjusted in response to this event … causes an increased heart rate..causes SA node cells to depolarized faster
92
What is the frank-starling principle
“More in = more out”
93
Hypocalcemia
Depresses heart
94
Hypercalcemia
Increased HR and more contractions
95
Hyperkalemia
Cardiac arrest from altered electrical activity
96
Hypokalemia
Feeble heartbeat - arrhythmia
97
Congestive heart failure
- coronary atherosclerosis (clogged arteries) - persistent hbp - multiple myocardial infarcts - dilated cardiomyopathy - pulmonary congestion(blood stuck in lungs) - peripheral congestion (blood stuck in body parts) leading to swelling
98
How to treat congestive heart failure
Removal of fluids, drugs to help reduce after load and increase contractility
99
How long does it take for the heart to develop in embryo
35 days
100
Foramen ovale
Opening in the heart that connects the atria together ( in fetus )
101
Ductus arteriosum
Connect pulmonary trunk to aorta. Closes shortly after birth
102
Tetralogy or fallout
Having more than one heart defect in a baby
103
Coarctation of aorta
Really narrow aorta that makes the left ventricle have to work so much harder
104
Ventricular septal defect
Intra ventricular septum has a hole and blood flows from left to right ventricle “swooshing sound”

Anatomy (5 decks)

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