Heart

Question 1

Compensatory mechanisms to maintain arterial pressure

Answer 1

Frank-Starling Mechanism
Myocardial/Cardiac Hypertrophy
Neurohormonal Mechanisms

Question 2

Mechanism to enhance contractility

Answer 2

Frank-Starling Mechanism

Question 3

Enlarged ventricles fill with blood and pump less 40 to 50% of blood

Answer 3

Systolic dysfunction

Question 4

Stiff ventricles fill with less blood than normal and pump about 60% of the blood

Answer 4

Diastolic Dysfunction

Question 5

Two mechanism that maintain BV and BP

Answer 5

RAAS and ANP

Question 6

Progressive deterioration of myocardial contractile function

Answer 6

Systolic dysfunction

Question 7

Causes of Systolic dysfunction

Answer 7

Ischemia
Valvular dse
Primary myocardial failure

Question 8

Inability of the heart chambers to relax and fill

Answer 8

Diastolic dysfunction

Question 9

Causes of Diastolic Dysfxn

Answer 9

Hypertrophy
Fibrosis
Amyloid deposition
Constrictive pericarditis

Question 10

Hypertrophy: Indv myocytes exhibit increase in the ff

Answer 10

DNA ploidy
Numbers of mitochondria
Numbers of sarcomeres

Question 11

Hypertrophy leads to a more embryonic phenotype or fetal isoforms of the ff:

Answer 11

Beta-myosin heavy chain
Natriuretic peptide
Collage

Question 12

Myocytes vulnerable to injury bc of the ff

Answer 12

Not well supplied with blood due to decreased capillary density
Increased interstitial matrix deposition leading to diminished cardiac compliance

Question 13

Independent RF for sudden cardiac death

Answer 13

Cardiac hypertrophy

Question 14

Major causes of Left-sided HF

Answer 14

Ischemic heart dse
Hypertension
Aortic nd mitral valve dse
Intrinsic myocardial dse

Question 15

Manifestations of Left-sided HF

Answer 15

Pulmonary congestion and edema
Reduce renal blood flow
Left atrial dilation w atrial fibrillation
Hypoxic encephalopathy

Question 16

Presents w biventricular CHF

Answer 16

Right-sided HF

Question 17

Common feature for right-sided HF

Answer 17

Pulmonary hypertension

Question 18

Enlargement of the right ventricle
High blood pressure in the lungs
Chronic lung dse

Answer 18

Cor pulmonale / Right-sided HF

Question 19

Isolated right sided HF

Answer 19

Tricuspid or pulmonic valvular dse

Question 20

Manifestations of Right-sided HF (6)

Answer 20

Right atrial & ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy
Edema
Serous effusion
Hepatomegaly
Fibrosis
Congestive splenomegaly

Question 21

Cardiac or great vessel abnormalities present at birth

Answer 21

Congenital heart disease

Question 22

Most common cardiac disease among children

Answer 22

CHD

Question 23

Occurrence of faulty embryogenesis

Answer 23

3-8 weeks AOG

Question 24

Most common known genetic cause of CHD

Answer 24

Trisomy 21

Question 25

Most common environmental factor for CHD

Answer 25

Congenital Rubella , german measles

Question 26

Syndrome of congenital rubella

Answer 26

Microcephaly Cataracts Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 27

Types of congenital anomalies

Answer 27

Shunts | Obstructions

Question 28

Left to right shunts causes

Answer 28

Chronic volume overload

Question 29

Induced by chronic right sided volume overload

Answer 29

Eisenmenger syndrome

Question 30

Manifestations of right to left shunts

Answer 30

Hypoxia | Cyanosis