Heart Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
2 sides of the heart
A
left and right
2
Q
What Atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body
A
Right atrium
3
Q
Which ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
A
Right ventricle
4
Q
Each side of the heart has an
A
atrium and ventricle
5
Q
Receiving chamber
A
atrium
6
Q
Pulmonary trunk transports blood from which ventricle
A
Right ventricle
7
Q
Aorta transports blood from which ventricle
A
Left ventricle
8
Q
Transports blood towards the heart
A
veins
9
Q
venae cavae drains into which atrium
A
Right atrium
10
Q
Pulmonary veins drains into which atrium left atrium
A
Left atrium
11
Q
Function of heart valves is:
A
prevent backflow to ensure one way blood flow
12
Q
Where are atrioventricular (AV) valves located
A
between the atrium and ventricles
13
Q
AV valve stands for
A
Atrioventricular valve
14
Q
2 AV valves
A
right and left
15
Q
Pumping chambers
A
Ventricles
16
Q
Large arteries and veins that are directly attached to the heart
A
Great vessels
17
Q
transport blood away from the heart
A
arteries
18
Q
Which ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body
A
left ventricle
19
Q
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
A
left atrium
20
Q
Location of semilunar valves
A
between a ventricle and an arterial trunk
21
Q
What are the 2 semilunar valves
A
Pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves
22
Q
the heart is enclosed by the
A
pericardium
23
Q
3 layers of the pericardium
A
Fibrous, parietal, visceral
24
Q
Outermost covering of the pericardium
A
Fibrous pericardium
25
What tissue makes up the fibrous pericardium
Dense irregular connective tissue
26
Where does the fibrous pericardium attach to
diaphragm and base of aorta, pulmonary trunk
27
function of fibrous pericardium
anchors heart and prevents overfilling
28
Middle layer of pericardium
parietal pericardium
29
What skin and tissue makes up the parietal pericardium
Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
30
Where does the parietal pericardium attach to
Fibrous pericardium
31
Innermost layer of the pericardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
32
What skin and tissue makes up the Visceral pericardium (epicardium)?
simple squamous epithelium and aerolar connective tissue
33
Where does the visceral pericardium attach to
The heart
34
what separates the parietal and visceral pericardium
pericardial cavity
35
2 serous layers of pericardium
parietal and visceral
36
what is contained within the pericardial cavity
Serous fluid
37
Serous fluid acts as a
lubricant
38
Fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of serous pericardium form
Pericardial Sac
39
What Cranial nerve apart of the parasympathetic division slows down heart rate
Vagus nerve (CN X)
40
What center sends nerve signals that triggers parasympathetic division to slow heart rate
Cardioinhibitory center
41
What innervation decreases heart rate
parasympathetic
42
What center sends nerve signals in the sympathetic division to increase heart rate and contraction
Cardioacceleratory center
43
Nerve signals are sent along _____ nerves during sympathetic innervation
cardiac nerves
44
what division increases both heart rate and force of contraction
sympathetic division
45
receptors on the heart
baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
46
What system initiates and conducts electrical events to ensure proper timing of contractions
conduction system
47
the conduction system activity is influenced by what nervous system?
Autonomic nervous system
48
Specialized cardiac muscle cells have ___ ___ but do not ____
action potential; contract
49
what node initiates heartbeat and is known as the pacemaker?
SA node
50
SA node is known as
Sinoatrial node
51
SA node is considered the ____ of the heart
pacemaker
52
Location of Sa node
High in posterior wall of right atrium
53
location of AV node
floor of right atrium (near AV Valve)
54
AV bundle is also know as
Bundle of His
55
Av bundle extends from ___ node through ___ _____
AV; interventricular septum
56
Av bundles divides into
right and left bundle branches
57
purkinjie fibers extend from ____ and ______ bundles at the hearts___.
right and left; apex
58
purkinjie fibers course through walls of
ventricles
59
What are the 2 steps of conduction system
initiation and spread of action potential
60
What node initiates action potential
SA node
61
An action potential is propagated throughout the ___ and the ____.
atria; conduction system
62
what are the 2 steps of cardiac muscle cells
The action potential and muscle contraction
63
the action potential is propagated along the ___ of the cardiac muscle cells
sarcolemma
64
How does muscle contraction occur with thin and thick filaments and sarcomeres
thin filaments slide past thick filaments and sarcomeres shorten within muscle cells
65
When cardiac muscle cells contract, sarcomeres do what?
They shorten
66
During an ECG, skin electrons detect what
electrical signals of cardiac muscle cells
67
what electrods detect electrical signals in an ECG
Skin electrods
68
3 waves/segments of the heart
P wave, QRS complex, and T wave
69
P wave reflects electrical changes of _____ originating in SA node
atrial depolarization
70
Atrial depolarization originates where
SA node
71
QRS complex detect electrical changes associated with
Ventricular depolarization
72
During the QRS complex, what is the atria doing
simultaneously repolarizing
73
T wave detects electrical change associated with
Ventricular repolarization
74
what is the 1st phases of the cardiac cycle
Atrial contraction and ventricular filling
75
what is the 2nd phase of the cardiac cycle
atrial contraction and ventricular filling
76
What is the 3rd step of the cardiac cycle
Isovolumic contraction
77
The 4th phase of cardiac cycle
Ventricular ejection
78
Last phase of the cardiac cycle
isovolumic relaxation
79
How many normal heart sounds are there?
4
80
2 familiar heart sounds
lubb-dubb
81
lubb sound is caused by S1-
closing of semilunar valves
82
the lubb-dubb sound is caused by what 2 node
S1 and S2
83
dubb sound is caused by s2-
closing of semilunar valves
84
2 minor heart sounds are caused by what 2 nodes
s3 and s4
85
abnormal heart sound
heart murmur
86
Heart murmurs are a result of
turbulence of blood passing through the heart
87
Are heart murmurs important?
some of them are
88
2 types of heart murmurs
valvular insufficiency and valvular stenosis
89
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by a single ventricle in one minute
90
cardiac output is measured in
liters per minute
91
cardiac output will ____ in healthy individuals during exercise
increase
92
cardiac output is determined by ___ and ____.
stroke volume and heart rate
93
heart rate is measure by
beats per minute
94
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected per minute
95
Cardiac output equation
HR x SV = CO
96
stroke volume steps
venous return, inotropic agents, afterload
97
venous return
volume of blood returned to the heart
98
inotropic agents
external agents that alter contractility
99
afterload
resistance in arteries
100
End diastolic volume (EDV) amount
130 mL
101
stroke volume (SV) amount
70 mL
102
End systolic volume (ESV) amount
60 mL
103
to maintain resting cardiac output, cardiac output must meet
Tissues needs
104
individuals with smaller heart valves have ___ SV
smaller
105
Individuals with smaller heart have a ___ heart rate
faster
106
which individual have a higher heart rate, thus smaller heart
women and children
107
individuals with larger hearts have ___
larger
108
Indivindividuals with larger hearts have a _______ heart rate
slower
109
who typically has larger and stronger hearts
endurance athletes
110
alter SA node and AV node activity
chronotropic agents
111
2 types of chronotropic agents
positive and negative
112
positive chronotropic agents do what to heart rate
increase
113
negative chronotropic agents do what to heart rate
decrease
114
during venous return, the volume of blood returning to the heart alters
stretch of heart wall or preload
115
inotropic agents alter what levels in sarcoplasm
calcium
116
2 types of inotropic agents
positive and negative
117
positive inotropic agents _____ stroke volumee
increase
118
negativee inotropic agents ______ stroke volume
decrease
119
increase resistance in arteries
afterload
120
venous return is _______ correlated with stroke volume
stroke volume
121
afterload is ______ correlated with stroke colume
inversley
122
what 3 things alter stroke volume
venous return, inotropic agents, afterload
123
what alters heart rate
chronotorpic agnets
124
substance that act on the myocardium to alter conractility
substance that act on the myocardium to alter conractilitys
125
capacity to increase cardiac output above rest level
cardiac reserve
126
how do you determine cardiac reserve
cardiac output with excersie -- CO at rest
127
HR _______ and SV ______ during exercise
accelerates; increases
128
gives measure of level of exercise an individual can pursue
cardiac reserve
129
Cardiac Output can increase _____ in healthy, non-athlete individuals
four fold
130
cardiac output can increase up to ____ in an athletes
seven fold
131
impaired ability of the heart to pump blood
congestive heart failure
132
symptoms of congestive heart failure
edema
133
2 types of edema
systemic and pumonary
134
edema
swelling
135
what may occur if right ventricles is impaired
systemic endema
136
more blood remaining in systemic circulation results in
systemic edema
137
additional fluid entering interstitial space results in
systemic edema
138
may occur if left ventricle is impaired
pulmonary edema
139
more blood remaining in pulmonary circulation results in
pulmonary edema
140
swelling and fluid accumulation in the lungs result in
pulmonary edema
141
pulmonary edema results in what 2 things in the lungs
breathing difficulties and impaired gas exchange
142
plaques narrow coronary arteries
atherosclerosis
143
sudden narrowing of vessels
coronary spasm
144
both atherosclerosis and coronary spams can lead to
agina or myocardial infaraction
145
what two things can cause angina and myocardial infarcation
atherosclerosis and coronary spasm
146
Pain in the heart
agina pectoris
147
where does agina pectoris occur
left side of chest, left arm, jaw
148
treatments for angina pectoris
vascular dilation
149
myocardial infaraction
heart attack
150
sudden and complete occulsion of coronary artery
myocardial infarction
151
myocardium deprived of oxygen , possible tissue death can result in
myocardial infarction
152
main symptom of myocardial infarction
chest pain radiating down left arm
153
persistently low resting heart rate in adults
bradycardia
154
bradycardia
below 60 bpm
155
bradycardia is normal in
athletes
156
bradycardia can be caused by
hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, congestive heart failure
157
persistently high resting heart rate
tachycardia
158
tachycardia
over 100 bpm
159
tachycardia is causeed by
heart disease, fever, anxiety
