HEART Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
SURFACES
A
anterior, posterior, inferior, apex
2
Q
Anterior Surface
A
made by R Atrium, R Vent, L Vent, ant. I/V groove
3
Q
Posterior Surface
A
made mostly by L Atrium
4
Q
Posterior Surface
A
made mostly by L Atrium
5
Q
Inferior Surface
A
made mostly by L Vent
- others are post I/V groove, (R atrium + vent)
6
Q
Apex surface
A
made by L Vent
7
Q
BORDERS
A
Right (lateral), Left (lateral), inferior, superior
8
Q
Right (lateral) border
A
made by R Atrium
9
Q
Right (lateral) border is found in area between…
A
SVC + IVC; 3rd to 6th ribs
10
Q
Left (lateral) border
A
made by L Vent (+L atrium)
11
Q
Left (lateral) border is found
A
5th rib (apex) to 2nd rib
12
Q
Inferior border
A
made by R Vent
13
Q
Inferior boarder is found
A
along 5th I/C space
14
Q
Superior boarder is found
A
2nd rib
15
Q
Superior border
A
made by roots of Aorta/Pulmonary Artery/SVC
16
Q
Coronary Sulus
A
groove between the atria (superiorly) and ventricles (inferiorly)
-runs completely around the heart
17
Q
Anterior Interventricular Groove
A
on anterior surface of heart, shallow groove between R and L ventricles
18
Q
Anterior Interventricular Groove contains…
A
Anterior Interventricular Artery
19
Q
Posterior Interventricular Groove
A
on posterior surface of heart, shallow groove between R and L ventricles
20
Q
Posterior Interventricular Groove contains…
A
Posterior Interventricular Artery
21
Q
major vein draining blood from all structures below the diaphragm into the R atrium
A
Inferior Vena Cava
22
Q
major vein draining blood from head and upper limbs to R atrium
A
Superior Vena Cava
23
Q
Major vessels on right superior aspect of heart
A
IVC + SVC
24
Q
major artery delivering blood to all regions of body
A
Aorta
25
curved portion of aorta arching from anterior to posterior
Aortic arch
26
Part of artery that is short and immediately off of heart
Ascending Aorta
27
Part of aorta running posteriorly through thoracic cage along the vertebral column to diaphragm
Descending Aorta
28
Pulmonary Artery (trunk)
adjacent to L of aorta, splits into R and L pulmonary arteries under arch of aorta
29
Pulmonary Artery splits into...
R and L pulmonary arteries under arch of aorta
30
Pulmonary Veins
usually 4 on posterior surface of heart
- 2 opening on R side of L atrium
- 2 openings on L side of L atrium
may be variations
31
“1st part of heart”, takes deoxygenated blood from body and moves to R vent
Right atrium
32
Right atrium
“1st part of heart”, takes deoxygenated blood from body and moves to R vent
33
“ear-shaped” appendage on R atrium, located on anterior-superior aspect of the R atrium
- also one on L atrium
Auricle
34
Where is IVC opening found?
on R atrium at inferior aspect of chamber
35
Where is SVC opening found?
on R atrium at superior aspect of chamber
36
Where is opening of Coronary Sinus found?
on R atrium, on inferior aspect of chamber near opening of IVC
37
Where is the SA Node found?
on R atrium anteriorly, at border between SVC and R atrium
38
Where is AV Node found?
on R atrium in interatrial septum near the atrioventricular orifice
39
Pectinate muscles
contractile muscles on internal surface of L and R atrium
40
Contractile muscles of atriums
pectinate muscles
41
Fossa Ovalis
on R atrium depression in center of interatrial septum (varies in size) - between L and R atrium
42
Tricuspid Valve Leaflets
3 leaflets, separating R atrium from R ventricle
43
multiple thin CT cords attaching leaflets to papillary muscles
Chordae Tendinae
44
Where are chordal tendinae found?
in L and R ventricles
45
Where are papillary muscles found?
in L (2) and R (3) ventricles
46
Role of papillary muscles
Contract to pull chordae tendinae, keeping valve leaflets from prolapsing (flipping backwards) into R atrium when ventricle contracts
- Prevents blood from regurgitating into R atrium
47
What prevents blood from regurgitating into atrium?
Papillary Muscles
48
contractile muscle of ventricle
Trabecular muscle
49
smooth funnel-shaped region of the R ventricle leading to pulmonary valve
Conus Arteriosus
50
Where is the Moderator Band found?
R ventricle
51
Moderator Band
small band of specialized muscle tissue in inferior aspect of R ventricular chamber
52
Moderator band runs...
from interventricular septum to inferior-lateral border of R ventricle
53
Pulmonary Valve
3 leaflet valve separating R ventricle from pulmonary artery
54
Does R or L ventricle have a thicker wall?
L
55
Mitral Valve
2 leaflets, separating L atrium from L ventricle
56
Are papillary muscles larger in L or R ventricle?
L
57
very short (~1-2cm) vessel, immediately off ascending aorta
Left Coronary Artery
58
vessel off L coronary artery, running in the anterior interventricular groove
Anterior Interventricular Artery (LAD – Left Anterior Descending)
59
Where does the Anterior Interventricular Artery (LAD) run?
in anterior inter ventricular groove
60
vessel off L coronary artery, running in coronary sulcus to L, wrapping around posterior of heart
Circumflex Artery
61
vessel off circumflex artery, runs along left border of heart
Left Marginal Artery
62
vessel immediately off ascending aorta, runs in coronary sulcus to R, wrapping around posterior of heart
Right Coronary Artery
63
vessel that comes off R coronary, ~1-2cm from aorta, runs between aorta/auricle of R atrium as travels to area S-A node
Sino-Atrial Nodal Artery
64
vessel off R coronary artery, branches off at inferior border of heart, runs along inferior border
Right Marginal Artery
65
vessel off R coronary in most people, runs in posterior interventricular groove on posterior surface of heart
Posterior Interventricular Artery
66
major vein that drains all venous blood of heart back to R atrium
Coronary Sinus
67
Location of coronary Sinus
in coronary sulcus starting on L side of heart
68
takes deoxygenated blood from lower limbs to send up to R atrium
R atrium - Opening from IVC
69
ant and to L of IVC opening, deoxygenated blood from draining back to R atrium
R atrium - Opening of coronary sinus
70
ln inter-atrial septum, shunt that is closed off at birth
R atrium - Fossa Ovalis
71
In Right atrium and contains Tricuspid Valve
R Atrioventricular Orifice
72
superior to coronary sinus opening adjacent to A-V orifice, part of electrical conduction system
A-V Node
73
at junction of SVC with R Atrium (anterolaterally), where electrical conduction system begins - “pacemaker”
R atrium - S-A Node
74
"Pacemaker of heart"
SA Node
75
Where does electrical conduction system of heart begin?
SA Node
76
smooth muscles of heart with irregular appearance that create "squeezing" action of heart
Pectinate Muscles
77
Function of auricle
increases volume capacity of atrium and has some contractile properties
78
wavy (irregular shape) for squeezing function of heart, on inner aspect of ventricle
Trabecular Muscle
79
attach leaflet to papillary muscle
Chordae Tendinae
80
How many valve leaflets are there on the R side?
3
81
How many valve leaflets are there on the L side?
2
82
smooth, funnel-shaped region leading to pulmonary artery, funnels blood towards lungs to be oxygenated
Infundibulum (conus arteriosus)
83
What allows coordinated contraction of ventricular wall and papillary muscles?
Moderator band (septomarginal trabecula)
84
How many pulmonary vein openings are there?
4
85
What brings blood from lungs back into L atrium?
Pulmonary Vein Openings on L atrium
86
opening to L vent, contains Mitral (Bicuspid Valve)
Left Atrioventricular Orifice
87
Why is the wall of left ventricle thicker?
increased pressure (resistance to flow)
88
Why are papillary muscles larger on left ventricle?
larger to withstand larger contractile forces (L vent has to pump against greater resistance)
89
Where does the mitral valve sit?
lateral to (or L of) Aortic Valve
90
L and R Coronary Arteries arise from...
base of aorta (aortic valve)
91
Where does aortic blood supply start?
at base of aortic valves
92
Where do L and R Coronary Arteries travel?
in coronary groove
93
Coronary Groove
groove between atria and ventricles
94
SHORT segment, ~2cm long, comes off base of aorta, splits immediately into anterior interventricular + circumflex
Left (main) Coronary Artery
95
Anterior Interventricular Artery (Left Anterior Descending) travels along
I/V groove to apex
96
Anterior Interventricular Artery supplies...
portion of R and L vents + anterior 2/3 of I/V wall containing L and R Bundle Branches
97
Anterior Interventricular Artery anatomoses with..
posterior I/V artery
98
Circumflex artery runs along...
coronary groove to posterior heart
99
Circumflex artery supplies...
L atrium and ventricle
100
Circumflex artery anastomoses with....
right coronary artery
101
Left Marginal Artery branches off... and runs...
branches off circumflex and runs along L border of heart
102
Left Marginal Artery supplies
L ventricle along L border of heart
103
very LONG, starts at base of aorta and goes in atrioventricular groove traveling around to posterior side of heart
Right Coronary Artery
104
Right Marginal Artery branches off... and runs...
branches from R coronary artery, travels along inferior border of heart towards apex
105
Right Marginal Artery supplies
R ventricle + part of apex – supplies R inferior border of heart
106
"Right Dominant Circulation"
Posterior Interventricular artery branches off R coronary artery
107
"Left Dominant Circulation"
Posterior Interventricular artery branches off circumflex artery
108
Dominance of circulation is determined by
where posterior interventricular artery comes off of
109
Posterior Interventricular Artery travels along...
posterior I/V groove to apex
110
Posterior Interventricular Artery supplies
portions of R and L vents + post 1/3 of I/V wall + AV Node
111
Posterior Interventricular Artery anastomoses with
anterior I/V artery
112
S-A Nodal Artery comes off of...
R coronary near its origin to supply S-A Node
- can come off of L coronary artery in 40% of people
113
Interventricular Septum
septum between R and L ventricle
114
Arterial supply of Interventricular Septum
- 2/3 of interventricular septum is supplied through the ANTERIOR interventricular artery
- 1/3 is supplied through POSTERIOR interventricular artery
115
Arterial supply of AV Node vs rest of conduction system
- Supplied primarily through POSTERIOR interventricular artery
- But rest of “conduction system” is supplied through ANTERIOR interventricular artery
116
Opens/drains into R atrium just anterior and to L of IVC opening, all other veins drain into this sinus
Coronary sinus
117
“Pacemaker” of heart - sets rhythm of heart
Sino-Atrial (S-A) Node
118
Function and type of muscle cells of SA Node
Specialized cardiac muscle cells that spontaneously depolarize - creates rhythm/rate
119
creates rhythm/rate
SA Node
120
Where is AV Node found?
ln atrial septum near coronary sinus opening near A-V Orifice
121
has automaticity, but typically slower than SA node
AV Node
122
Where is the AV Bundle located?
in membranous portion of I/V Septum
123
R and L bundles branches travel...
travel down muscular septum and through moderator band in R vent
124
modified cardiac muscle cells that distribute impulses through/out ventricular walls to pulmonary artery or aorta
Purkinje Fibers
125
Function of Purkinje Fibers
distribute impulses through/out ventricular walls to pulmonary artery or aorta
126
Steps of Conduction System Flow
1. SA Node
2. AV Node
3. AV Bundle
4. R and L Bundle Branches
5. Purkinje Fibers
127
Nervous system innervating heart
autonomic - unconscious/involuntary control
128
How do nerve get to heart?
Cardiac Plexus
129
Location of Cardiac Plexus
immediately anterior to trachea
130
Components of Cardiac Plexus
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
131
When the sympathetic nervous system of heart is activated it results in
increased HR, increased contractility, vasodilation of coronary aa (increase blood supply)
132
Where do Sympathetic nerve fibers of heart come from?
sympathetic chain that runs along vertebral column
133
Sympathetic Pre-ganglionic fibers come from what area of the vertebral column?
T1-T6
134
Sympathetic Post-ganglionic fibers come from..
superior cervical ganglia and upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia
135
Sympathetic Post-ganglionic fibers innervate:
S-A, A-V nodes, cardiac muscle fibers, and coronary vessels
136
When parasympathetic nervous system (vagus nerve) of heart is activated it results in
decreased HR, contractility, vasoconstriction of coronaries
137
Vagus nerve arises from ... and travels... to get to heart
brainstem and travels through neck/thoracic inlet to get to heart
138
Parasympathetic Pre-ganglionic fibers arise from...
vagus nerve (travels within)
139
Parasympathetic post-ganglionic fibers are found on...
heart tissue
140
Sensory innervation for the heart is carried by what fibers? to where?
carried by sympathetic fibers T1-T4 (mainly on L) from heart to spinal cord and ultimately the brain
141
Sensory innervation of heart sends what kind of information to brain?
info about oxygen levels and metabolic byproducts (like lactic acid)– no conscious awareness, but brain constantly processing this info to regulate the heart
142
Referred Pain
vague painful stimulus (noxious stimuli – decrease in oxygen/accumulation metabolic byproducts) felt in structures with somatic sensory innervation in the T1-T4
143
Fools into thinking there's somatic pain even though there is not
Referred Pain
144
Where does Referred pain occur?
T1-T4 region = part of chest, shoulder, and lower part of neck
145
What clinical correlate is associated with referred pain?
heart attack
