Heart

Question 1

What angle is the heart positioned at?

Answer 1

45 degrees

Question 2

What is the pericardial sac?

Answer 2

It is the layer that surrounds the heart.

Question 3

How many layers is the pericardial sac made of?

Answer 3

2

Question 4

What is the outside and inside layers called?

Answer 4

Outside: Parietal Layer
Inside: Visceral Layer

Question 5

What is the parietal layer made from?

Answer 5

It is a fibrous and serous layer of tissue. The fibrous later is dense irregular tissue and protects from overexpanding. The serous layer is made of areolar tissue and simple squamous epithelium and its job is to secrete fluid.

Question 6

What is the visceral layer made from?

Answer 6

It is just a serous layer and it is deep areolar tissue and superficial simple squamous tissue. Its job is to line the heart.

Question 7

What is the gap between the layers called?

Answer 7

Pericardial cavity.

Question 8

How many layers of the heart are there?

Answer 8

3

Question 9

What are the names of the layers of the heart?

Answer 9

Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium

Question 10

What is the function of the epicardium?

Answer 10

It is the same as the visceral layer of the pericardial sac.

Question 11

What is the function of the myocardium

Answer 11

It forms the fibrous skeleton with elastin and collagen, helping the heart return to its original shape.

Question 12

What is the function of the endocardium?

Answer 12

It helps reduce friction on the heart.

Question 13

What are the striations in cardiac muscle from?

Answer 13

It is from the alignment of the parallel bundles of actin and myosin.

Question 14

What are intercalated disks

Answer 14

The indigitated membrane between calls and is what separates cells.

Question 15

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Answer 15

Right and left atrium, left and right ventricle.

Question 16

What are the two types of valves

Answer 16

Atrioventricular or AV valves and Semilunar valves.

Question 17

What prevents the AV valve from opening back into the atria?

Answer 17

The pressure will be decreased within the ventricle

Question 18

Why would someone need a valve replacement

Answer 18

Faulty valve, backflow, or plaque buildup

Question 19

What are the different types of valves and what’s the advantages/disadvantages with them

Answer 19

Biological: Zoonotic disease
Metal/Plastic: Blood thinner needed
Synthetic: Only recently developed.

Question 20

What is coronary circulation?

Answer 20

When the blood from the aorta will return to the heart to fuel it via veins and arteries on the heart.

Question 21

Whats the difference between a thrombus and embolism?

Answer 21

Thrombus is a stationary clot, while an embolism is a traveling clot.

Question 22

What is coronary artery disease?

Answer 22

Where a plaque will block the blood flow of an artery, caused by high cholesterol to build a blockage.

Question 23

What is an angioplasty?

Answer 23

A catheter will be threaded through the aorta and a radioactive dye will be injected and seen with an X ray. If there a blockage, a balloon tip is inserted and the balloon is inflated and deflated to increase diameter. A stent is then inserted.

Question 24

What is a coronary bypass

Answer 24

It is when a vein in the leg is taken and inserted onto the heart to bypass a blockage.

Question 25

Define systole and diastole

Answer 25

Systole is the ventricular contraction or ejection. Diastole is ventricular filling of blood.

Question 26

. Describe the pressure changes that occur during the cardiac cycle and relate these changes to the occurrence of the heart sounds.

Answer 26

When ventricular pressure exceeds that of atrial pressure, the AV value will snap shut, giving the first noise of the heart. After that, when the ventricle is losing pressure and the pulmonary or aortic pressure is higher than that in the ventricle, the semilunar valve will snap shut and give the second sound of the heart.

Question 27

Is atrial contraction necessary for survival? Why or why not?

Answer 27

No, because the blood wont be pumped into the ventricles, but the way the heart is oriented, it will fall into the ventricle to still be pumped outward.

Question 28

Describe isovolumetric contraction.

Answer 28

It is the phase when both valves are closed within the heart

Question 29

What is tachycardia

Answer 29

When heart rate exceeds that of 100 beats/min

Question 30

Does blood volume pumped change? What about pressure?

Answer 30

While blood volume will never change, the pressure at which its pumped is different between the heart sides.

Question 31

How do you calculate stroke volume

Answer 31

End volume of diastolic minus end systolic volume

Question 32

What is cardiac output?

Answer 32

The amount of blood pumped out by the heart in a given time frame.

Question 33

Explain why the beat of the heart is automatic and why the SA node functions as the normal pacemaker.

Answer 33

The beat of the heart are automatic because there is a leaky amount of sodium that stimulates the nerves to pump the heart, and this sodium comes from the SA node, which is why it set the pace as a pace maker.

Question 34

What are the components making up the conducting system of the heart?

Answer 34

The SA and AV nodes, bundle branches and bundles of His and Purkinje fibers.

Question 35

What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic intervention's do?

Answer 35

Sympathetic will stimulate the heart, while the parasympathetic will slow the heart rate down.

Question 36

What is an artificial pacemaker?

Answer 36

It send a electrical stimulation to the heart to release sodium to make the heart beat.

Question 37

Why is it important for impulses from the atria to be delayed at the AV node before they pass into the ventricles?

Answer 37

They must be delayed so there is a delay in the contraction of the heart because it it contracted all at once, it wouldn’t work as a pump, but more as mixer and just shuffle blood around.

Question 38

Why is it critical that ventricular fibrillation receive attention within minutes? Is atrial fibrillation more or less urgent? Explain

Answer 38

It will be left urgent because the blood will still leak or fall into the ventricle. However, if there is ventricular fabulation, then there won’t be enough blood to the rest of the body because the ventricle isn’t in rhythm and isn’t pumping the blood it should.