heart

Question 1

What are the three parts of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Heart, blood, and blood vessels.

Question 2

What is the main goal of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Question 3

What is the job of the heart?

Answer 3

To pump blood through the body.

Question 4

What is the pericardium?

Answer 4

A double-layered sac surrounding the heart.

Question 5

What are the three functions of the pericardium?

Answer 5

Protection, reducing friction, and anchoring the heart in place.

Question 6

What is the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 6

The pathway that carries blood to and from the lungs.

Question 7

What are the two purposes of the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 7

To oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide.

Question 8

What is the systemic circuit?

Answer 8

The pathway that carries blood to and from the rest of the body.

Question 9

Which circuit requires more power, and how does this affect the ventricles?

Answer 9

The systemic circuit requires more power, so the left ventricle is larger and has thicker walls.

Question 10

What is the purpose of heart valves?

Answer 10

To ensure one-way blood flow.

Question 11

What keeps the A-V valves from inverting during backflow?

Answer 11

Chordae tendineae attached to papillary muscles.

Question 12

What is it called when valves experience backflow?

Answer 12

Regurgitation.

Question 13

Why is backflow dangerous?

Answer 13

It can cause blood to stagnate, leading to clotting or infection.

Question 14

What is the correct blood flow pathway through the heart?

Answer 14

Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk/arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body → vena cavas → right atrium.

Question 15

Where is blood oxygenated?

Answer 15

Between the lungs and the body.

Question 16

Where is blood deoxygenated?

Answer 16

Between the body and the lungs.

Question 17

What is the purpose of coronary arteries?

Answer 17

To supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

Question 18

What is an anastomosis?

Answer 18

A connection between blood vessels that allows for alternate blood flow pathways.

Question 19

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 19

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

Question 20

What is a myocardial infarction?

Answer 20

A heart attack, caused by blockage of blood flow to the heart.

Question 21

What are the two shortcuts in the fetal heart?

Answer 21

Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.

Question 22

Why does the fetal heart take these shortcuts?

Answer 22

To bypass the non-functional fetal lungs.

Question 23

What are three microscopic characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 23

Intercalated discs, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

Question 24

What starts nerve messages in the heart?

Answer 24

The SA (sinoatrial) node.

Question 25

What are the five parts of the intrinsic conduction system in order?

Answer 25

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers.

Question 26

What mineral is essential for the heart's constant rate?

Answer 26

Calcium (Ca).

Question 27

What does an EKG measure?

Answer 27

Electrical activity of the heart.

Question 28

What is depolarization?

Answer 28

A nerve signal.

Question 29

What is systole?

Answer 29

Muscle contraction.

Question 30

What is repolarization?

Answer 30

Resetting the nerve to send another signal.

Question 31

What is diastole?

Answer 31

Muscle relaxation.

Question 32

What system controls heart rate extrinsically?

Answer 32

The autonomic nervous system.

Question 33

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the heart?

Answer 33

Increases heart rate and contraction force.

Question 34

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 34

Decreases heart rate.

Question 35

What causes heart sounds?

Answer 35

Closure of valves.

Question 36

What causes the first heart sound?

Answer 36

Closure of the AV valves during ventricular systole.

Question 37

What causes the second heart sound?

Answer 37

Closure of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole.

Question 38

What does a heart murmur indicate?

Answer 38

Abnormal blood flow, often due to valve issues.

Question 39

What happens during ventricular systole?

Answer 39

Blood is ejected into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

Question 40

What happens during ventricular diastole?

Answer 40

Ventricles relax and fill with blood.

Question 41

What do EDV, ESV, and SV stand for?

Answer 41

End-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and stroke volume.

Question 42

How is stroke volume calculated?

Answer 42

SV = EDV - ESV.

Question 43

What is the average heart rate?

Answer 43

About 70-75 bpm.

Question 44

What is tachycardia?

Answer 44

A heart rate over 100 bpm.

Question 45

What is bradycardia?

Answer 45

A heart rate under 60 bpm.

Question 46

What is cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 46

The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute.

Question 47

How is cardiac output calculated?

Answer 47

CO = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV).

Question 48

What is the average cardiac output?

Answer 48

About 5 L/min.

Question 49

What is preload?

Answer 49

The amount of blood returning to the heart.

Question 50

What increases stroke volume?

Answer 50

Increased preload and contractility.

Question 51

What decreases stroke volume?

Answer 51

Increased afterload (blood pressure).

Question 52

What is right-sided heart failure?

Answer 52

Blood backs up in the body, causing peripheral edema.

Question 53

What is left-sided heart failure?

Answer 53

Blood backs up in the lungs, causing pulmonary edema.

Question 54

Which type of heart failure is worse?

Answer 54

Left-sided, due to its impact on oxygen exchange.