Heart

Question 1

What is the function of the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 1

Carries blood to and from lungs

Question 2

What is the function of the systemic circuit?

Answer 2

Transports blood to and from the rest of the body

Question 3

What do arteries do?

Answer 3

Carry blood AWAY from heart

Question 4

What do veins do?

Answer 4

Carry blood TOWARDS heart

Question 5

What is the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 5

Outer layer of parietal pericardium that anchors heart to sternum, vertebral column, and diaphragm

Question 6

What is the parietal pericardium?

Answer 6

Attached to inside of fibrous pericardium; secretes serous fluid to decrease surface friction when heart beats

Question 7

What is the visceral pericardium also known as?

Answer 7

Epicardium

Question 8

What is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 8

Potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia; contains serous fluid that decreases friction during contractions

Question 9

Where is the base of the heart located?

Answer 9

Top of heart, between sternum and 2nd rib

Question 10

Where is the apex of the heart located?

Answer 10

At the fifth intercostal space on left side tilted toward left hip

Question 11

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Answer 11

• Epicardium
• Myocardium
• Endocardium

Question 12

What is the myocardium?

Answer 12

Thickest layer of the heart, comprised mainly of cardiac muscle tissue

Question 13

What is the endocardium?

Answer 13

Thin smooth inner layer that lines the chambers of the heart

Question 14

What does the right atrium do?

Answer 14

Receives deoxygenated blood from SVC and IVC as well as the coronary sinus

Question 15

What is the role of the right ventricle?

Answer 15

Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps it into pulmonary trunk leading to lungs

Question 16

What does the left atrium do?

Answer 16

Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

Question 17

What is the function of the left ventricle?

Answer 17

Receives blood from left atrium and pumps it to aorta to be carried to the rest of the body

Question 18

What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

Answer 18

Valves found between atria and ventricles that prevent backflow

Question 19

What are the two AV valves?

Answer 19

• Tricuspid valve
• Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 20

What are the semilunar valves?

Answer 20

Valves found between ventricles and major blood vessels

Question 21

What is the foramen ovale?

Answer 21

An opening between Right and Left Atria that allows blood to bypass trip through fetal lungs

Question 22

What is the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 22

A bypass connecting pulmonary trunk and aorta in fetal circulation

Question 23

What do coronary arteries supply?

Answer 23

Blood to muscle tissue of heart

Question 24

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Answer 24

Areas of partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation causing reduction of oxygen supply to muscle cells

Question 25

What are symptoms of CAD?

Answer 25

* Angina pectoris * Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Question 26

What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

Answer 26

A heart attack where cardiac muscle cells die due to lack of oxygen from blocked blood vessels

Question 27

What is the role of calcium in cardiac contractions?

Answer 27

Calcium must increase inside the cardiac muscle cell for contraction to occur

Question 28

What is automaticity in the heart?

Answer 28

Inherent property of the heart to initiate contraction without neural or hormonal stimulation

Question 29

What are the phases of action potential in cardiac myocytes?

Answer 29

* Depolarization * Plateau * Repolarization

Question 30

What is depolarization?

Answer 30

Rapid change in electrical potential inside the cell, leading to contraction

Question 31

What is repolarization?

Answer 31

Return to negative charge inside the cell, associated with relaxation

Question 32

What is the conduction pathway of the heart?

Answer 32

* SA node initiates impulse * Impulse spreads across both atria * Converges at AV node * Travels down AV Bundle * Travels through Purkinje fibers

Question 33

What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) record?

Answer 33

Electrical activity of the heart

Question 34

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 34

* Systole * Diastole

Question 35

What is bradycardia?

Answer 35

Condition of having a slow heart rate, less than 60 BPM

Question 36

What is tachycardia?

Answer 36

Condition where heart beats excessively fast, greater than 100 BPM

Question 37

What is the normal heart rate range for adults?

Answer 37

40-100 BPM

Question 38

What characterizes tachycardia?

Answer 38

Condition where heart beats excessively fast, greater than 100 BPM

Question 39

What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Answer 39

It is the natural pacemaker of the heart, initiating electrical signals

Question 40

What happens during tachycardia to blood flow?

Answer 40

Rapid heartbeat does not allow enough time for the heart to fill before it contracts, compromising blood flow

Question 41

What are the sensitivities of the SA Node?

Answer 41

* Sensitive to sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation * Sensitive to changes in membrane potential * Sensitive to the rate of spontaneous depolarization

Question 42

What can abnormal patterns of electrical activity in the heart indicate?

Answer 42

* Decreased pump efficiency * Damage to the myocardium * Problems with the conduction system * Electrolyte imbalances * Drug exposure

Question 43

What is a class of drugs that inhibits sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 43

α-blocker and β-blocker

Question 44

What is the ejection fraction (EF)?

Answer 44

The % of the end-diastolic volume (EDV) that is ejected from the ventricle with each contraction

Question 45

What is the typical stroke volume (SV) in adults?

Answer 45

70 mL

Question 46

What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 46

CO = HR x SV

Question 47

What does end-diastolic volume (EDV) represent?

Answer 47

Amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole, about 130 mL in adults

Question 48

What occurs during atrial systole?

Answer 48

Atria contract, AV valves open, and atria eject blood into the ventricle

Question 49

What is the significance of stroke volume (SV)?

Answer 49

Amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each cardiac contraction

Question 50

What is the typical ejection fraction (EF) range?

Answer 50

55-85%

Question 51

What is a heart murmur?

Answer 51

Swishing, gurgling sound heard when blood is regurgitating through valves or abnormal communications within the heart

Question 52

What factors affect cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 52

* HR * SV * ANS and hormones

Question 53

What is preload?

Answer 53

Degree of stretching during ventricular filling, depends on EDV

Question 54

What is the Starling Principle?

Answer 54

Increase in EDV leads to an increase in SV

Question 55

What is afterload?

Answer 55

Tension/pressure the ventricle must produce to open the semi-lunar valves and eject blood

Question 56

What happens during ventricular diastole?

Answer 56

Ventricles relax, atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure, AV valves open, and ventricles fill passively

Question 57

What is the normal heart rate (HR) range?

Answer 57

60-100 bpm

Question 58

True or False: ESV is about 50 mL at rest.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

What is cardiac reserve?

Answer 59

The difference between resting CO and maximum CO

Question 60

What is the role of baroreceptors?

Answer 60

Respond to an increase in blood pressure

Question 61

What is the Bainbridge reflex?

Answer 61

HR changes in response to venous return