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Module Three > Heart anatomy > Flashcards

Heart anatomy Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Name the three layers of the pericardium

A

Serous (visceral and parietal) and fibrous

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2
Q

How many millimetres of fluid might be found in the pericardial cavity?

A

15-50ml

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3
Q

What nerve carries pain signals from the pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerve

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4
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate from?

A

C3-C5

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5
Q

What ligaments make up the fibrous pericardium?

A

Sternopericardial, pericardiophrenic and adventitia

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6
Q

What chamber is most anterior?

A

Right ventricle

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7
Q

What chamber is found on the right pulmonary surface?

A

Right atrium

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8
Q

What chambers are found on the left pulmonary surface?

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

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9
Q

What chamber is found at the apex of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

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10
Q

What chamber is most posterior?

A

Left atrium

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11
Q

Describe the blood flow in and out of the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood arrives from the body through the superior and inferior Vena Cava into the right atrium. The blood travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. It is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary valve. Oxygenated blood arrives back into the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. Travels through the mitral (bicuspid) valve into the left ventricle. It is pumped out of the aorta through the aortic valve to the body.

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12
Q

What separates the two atria?

A

Interatrial septum

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13
Q

What separates the two ventricles?

A

Interventricular septum

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14
Q

What separates the atria from the ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular septum

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15
Q

What cells make up the pericardium?

A

Single layer epithelium, called mesothelium

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16
Q

Between what costal cartilages does the heart lie?

A

2nd-6th cc

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17
Q

What is the function of the serous pericardium?

A

Contains fluid to minimise friction when the heart beats

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18
Q

Describe the inferior attachment if the fibrous pericardium

A

pericardiacophrenic ligament to the diaphragm

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19
Q

At the SVC, what happens to the pericardium?

A

It is continuous with the tunica adventitia

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20
Q

Describe the anterior attachment if the fibrous pericardium

A

sternopericardial ligament to the sternum

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21
Q

Where does the pericardium attach to the mediastinal pleura?

A

Laterally

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22
Q

What are the three layers of the pericardium?

A

Outer fibrous, parietal and visceral

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23
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the visceral pleura?

A

Vagus (X)

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24
Q

What nerve supplies the two outermost layers of the pericardium?

A

Phrenic

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25
Branches of what two arteries supplies the pericardium?
Thoracic aorta and internal thoracic artery
26
Name the two pericardial sinuses
Oblique and transverse
27
Describe the position of the transverse pericardial sinus
Posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to the SVC, superior to the left atrium
28
What chamber dominates the anterior (sternocostal) surface of the heart?
Right ventricle
29
What heart surfaces would the left ventricle mainly occupy?
posterior-inferior (base-diaphragmatic)
30
The apex of the heart is formed by which ventricle?
Left ventricle
31
What anterior surface marker would describe the position of the heart apex?
5th intercostal space, near the mid-clavicular line
32
What structure lies just posterior to the base of the heart?
Oesophegus
33
What structures make up the base of the heart?
Left atrium, small part of right atrium, proximal SVC and IVC, pulmonary veins
34
What chambers make up the inferior border of the heart?
Right ventricle and small part of left ventricle
35
Which chambers make up the left border of the heart?
Left ventricle and left atria
36
What is the cardiac skeleton?
Dense, fibrous connective tissue consisting of four rings that electrically isolates the ventricles and the atria.
37
What is the bicuspid valve's other name and what does it separate?
Mitral valve, left ventricle from left atrium
38
Which AV valve has three cusps?
Tricuspid
39
What structures keep the AV valves closed during ventricular contraction?
Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
40
What does the chordae tendineae connect?
Papillary muscles of ventricular wall to the AV valves
41
What vertebral level would you find the base of the heart?
T5-T8
42
What is the oblique pericardial sinus?
J shaped zone of reflection, posterior to the left atrium and in between the left and right pulmonary veins.
43
What is the job of the visceral afferents?
To relay pain and sensory information from the internal organs, glands and blood vessels to the CNS.
44
What provides the parasympathetic innervation of the heart?
Vagus nerve (X)
45
Describe the location of the deep cardiac plexus
Posterior to the aortic arch and surrounding the distal trachea and carina.
46
Describe the location of the superficial cardiac plexus
Anterior-inferior to the aortic arch
47
What branches of the internal thoracic artery supply the pericardium?
pericardiacophrenic and musculophrenic
48
The left pulmonary surface faces which lung?
Left lung
49
Which chamber receives blood from the SVC and IVC?
Right atrium
50
Describe the position of the right auricle
Anterior (sternocostal) face of the heart, to the upper right of the right atrium, overlapping the root of the ascending aorta.
51
What is the shallow vertical groove called that extends between the SVC and IVC, and what does it correspond with on the interior face of the right atrium?
Sulcus terminalis, crista terminalis
52
Where can the SA node be found?
At the top of the sulcus terminalis
53
Where can the right coronary artery be located?
The right coronary sulcus (or atrioventricular groove)
54
What runs alongside the right coronary artery?
Small cardiac vein
55
What is the sinus venarum?
The smooth posterior part of the interior right atrium
56
What is the atrium proper?
The rough anterior part of the interior right atrium
57
What separates the two parts of the internal right atrium?
Crista terminalis
58
What features can be seen on the septal wall of the right atrium?
Fossa ovalis, annulus ovalis, triangle of Koch, coronary sinus, IVC opening, SVC opening, AV orifice, torus aorticus
59
What is the significance of the fossa ovalis?
It is a oval shaped depression in the septal wall that represents the site of the foramen ovale in developing foetus'
60
What is continuous with the left end of the valve of the IVC?
Inferior end of annulus ovalis
61
What is found superior to the triangle of Koch?
Subendocardial ridge
62
What is found inferior to the triangle of Koch?
opening of the coronary sinus
63
How can the AV node easily be located?
Found at the apex of the traingle of Koch
64
What cardiac catheter procedure may the triangle of Koch be useful?
Catheter ablation of the right atrium
65
What is torus aorticus?
Ridge in the superior portion of the septal wall of the right atrium, created by the ascending aorta sinus.
66
Does the SVC have any valves?
No
67
Does the IVC have any valves?
Yes, a non-functioning semi lunar valve
68
What is the Thesbian valve?
non-functioning valve of the coronary sinus
69
What are the rings of the cardiac skeleton known as?
Annulus fibrosus
70
What may cause valve prolapse after MI?
Necrosis of the papillary muscles
71
What closes the semilunar valves of the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
the recoil of the blood during diastole that is caught in the pouch of the semilunar valve and forces it shut
72
What is the most common type of valve disease?
Aortic stenosis
73
Where can the mitral valve be best heard?
5th intercostal space, midclavicular line
74
Where can the pulmonary valve be best heart?
2nd intercostal space, left sternal edge
75
Where can the aortic valve best be heard?
2nd intercostal space, right sternal edge
76
Where can the tricuspid valve best be heard?
4th intercostal space, left sternal edge
77
The sternal angle corresponds with which costal cartilage?
2nd
78
The inferior part of the sternal body corresponds with which costal cartilage?
5th
79
What is responsible for the S1 heart sound?
closure of the AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole
80
What is responsible for the S2 heart sound?
closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves at the end of ventricular systole.
81
What is the S3 heart sound called?
Protodiastolic gallop or ventricular gallop
82
What is the S4 heart sound called?
Presystolic gallop or atrial gallop
83
What separates the inflow and outflow portions of the right ventricle?
Supraventricular crest
84
The inflow portion of the ventricles are covered by what?
trabeculae carnae
85
What are the three main types of trabeculae carnae?
Ridges, bridges and pillars (papillary muscles)
86
The outflow portion of the ventricles are smooth: true or false?
True
87
The left auricle is smooth: true or false?
False, it is continuous with the rough outflow portion of the left atrium
88
What vessels drain into the left atrium?
Four pulmonary veins
89
What are the vessels to branch off the ascending aorta?
right and left coronary arteries
90
When do the coronary arteries receive blood flow, why is this significant?
During ventricular diastole, they are the only arteries to do so.
91
Which coronary artery is usually bigger?
Left
92
Where is the right coronary sulcus?
Between the right atrium and ventricle
93
Which branch of coronary artery supplies the apex of the heart?
Right marginal branch of RCA
94
Which branch of coronary artery supplies the SA node?
SA nodal branch of RCA
95
What structures does the RCA supply in a left dominant person (approx 10%)?
Whole right atrium, most right ventricle, small portion of left ventricle and left atrium, SA node and AV node
96
Where does the left coronary artery divide?
As it enters the left coronary sulcus, the LCx travels in the sulcus and the LAD descends to the apex
97
Where does the left coronary artery pass through after arising from the ascending aorta?
Between the left auricle and pulmonary trunk
98
What areas are supplied by the left coronary artery in a left dominant person (approx 10%)?
Most of left atrium and ventricle, a small part of right ventricle, Bundle of His and LBB/RBB
99
What changes with blood supply to the heart chambers in someone that is right coronary artery dominant (approx 90% population)?
RCA supplies large majority of left ventricle
100
Where do the coronary lymph vessels drain?
brachiocephalic and tracheobronchial nodes
101
Describe the location of the SA node
In the superior part of the right atrium, close to the SVC opening

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