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CAR > Heart anatomy and cardiac cycle > Flashcards

Heart anatomy and cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Sac surrounding the heart.

Has an inner visceral layer (epidcardium) that is continuous with the surface of the heart and an outer parietal layer.

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2
Q

Describe the position of the left atrium

A

At the back and in the middle

It is situated under the tracheal bifurcation (this has clinical importance)

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3
Q

What is the fibrous cardiac skeleton? What is its function?

A
  • Fibrous cardiac skeleton separates atria and ventricles
  • Serves as electrical insulation; ensures the only way impulses can pass through to ventricles is via the AV node
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4
Q

Describe the structure of cardiomyocytes

A
  • Large, cylindrical cells
  • Striated
  • Central nucleus
  • They form a functional electrical syncytium (can work as a unit)
  • Have intercalacted discs; gap junctions where electrical coupling can occur
  • Highly metabolically active so have many mitochondria
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5
Q

Explain the response to injury by cardiomyocytes

A
  • Cannot regenerate if damaged
  • Skeletal muscle cells use satellite cells to regenerate after damage, however cardiomyocytes do not have these
  • Ongoing area of stem cell research
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6
Q

What stage of the cardiac cycle does this show? Describe what is going on and any sounds that may be heard.

A

Atrial systole

  • Walls of the atria contract, pushing the remaining blood from the atria into the ventricles
  • Semilunar valves are closed
  • The ventricles fill with blood
  • S4 may be heard here, if blood strikes a non-compliant left ventricle
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7
Q

What stage of the cardiac cycle does this show? Describe what is going on and any sounds that may be heard.

A

Ventricular systole

  • This encompasses the phases isovolumetric contraction and rapid and reduced ejection
  • Walls of ventricles contract, increasing ventricular pressure
  • When this is higher than pressure in the atria, the AV valves close
  • This produces S1 - “LUB”
  • The pressure in the ventricles ncreases until it exceeds the pressure in the outgoing arteries
  • The semilunar valves open and blood flow into the outgoing arteries
  • Atria start to refill as they collect bloodfrom veins
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8
Q

What stage of the cardiac cycle does this show? Describe what is going on and any sounds that may be heard.

A

(Ventricular) diastole

  • This encompasses the phases isovolumetric relaxation, rapid filling and diastasis
  • The ventricles relax
  • The pressure in the ventricles becomes lower than in the outgoing arties
  • The semilunar valves close, producing S2 - “DUB” and preventing the backflow of blood into the ventricles
  • When the pressure in the ventricles falls below the pressure in the atria, the AV valves open
  • Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles
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9
Q

What stage of the cardiac cycle does this show? Describe what is going on and any sounds that may be heard.

A

Start of the cardiac cycle

  • Phase = diastasis, when both atria and ventricles are in diastole
  • The AV valves are open and blood is flowing passively into the ventricles
  • S3 may occur here, if blood strikes a compliant left ventricle
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10
Q

(ventricular) Systole

A

time between the onset of S1 and the onset of S2

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11
Q

Diastole

A

the time between the onset of S2 and the onset of S1

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12
Q

The red line represents the pressure in the _______ over the course of a cardiac cycle

A

aorta

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13
Q

The blue line represents the pressure in the ____________ over the course of a cardiac cycle

A

left ventricle

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14
Q

The green line represents the pressure in the _________ over the course of a cardiac cycle

A

Left atrium

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15
Q

What does the purple line represent?

A
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16
Q

When will you hear S1 - A,B,C or D?

A

B - when the AV valves close

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17
Q

When will you hear S2 - A,B,C or D?

A

C - when the semilunar valves close.

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18
Q

1

A

Great vessels

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19
Q

2

A

Visceral pericardium (=epicardium)

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20
Q

3

A

Pericardial cavity (exaggerated in size)

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21
Q

4

A

Parietal pericardium

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22
Q

5

A

Fibrous pericardium

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23
Q

6

A

Mediastinal pleura

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24
Q

7

A

Sternopericardial ligament

25
Q

Cranioventral view of right ventricle

1

A

Cusp of right atrioventricular valve

26
Q

Cranioventral view of right ventricle

2

A

Chordae tendinae

27
Q

Cranioventral view of right ventricle

3

A

Papillary muscles

28
Q

Cranioventral view of right ventricle

4

A

Pulmonary valve

29
Q

Cranioventral view of right ventricle

5

A

Right atrium

30
Q

1

A

Right auricle

31
Q

2

A

Right ventricle

32
Q

3

A

Left ventricle

33
Q

4

A

Left atrium

34
Q

5

A

Aorta

35
Q

6

A

Caudal vena cava

36
Q

7

A

Trachea

37
Q

1

A

Right ventricle

38
Q

2

A

Left ventricle

39
Q

3

A

Right atrium

40
Q

4

A

Pulmonary trunk

41
Q

Bovine heart: left view

1

A

Left ventricle

42
Q

Bovine heart: left view

2

A

Paraconal interventricular branch of left coronary artery

43
Q

Bovine heart: left view

2’

A

Circumflex branch of left coronary artery

44
Q

Bovine heart: left view

3

A

Pulmonary trunk

45
Q

Bovine heart: left view

4

A

Right auricle

46
Q

Bovine heart: left view

5

A

Aorta

47
Q

Bovine heart: left view

6

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

48
Q

Bovine heart: left view

7

A

Cranial vena cava

49
Q

Bovine heart: left view

8

A

Left and right pulmonary veins

50
Q

Bovine heart: left view

9

A

Left azygous vein

51
Q

Bovine heart: left view

10

A

Right azygous vein

52
Q

Bovine heart: left view

11

A

Caudal vena cava

53
Q

Bovine heart: right view

1

A

Left ventricle

54
Q

Bovine heart: right view

2

A

Aorta

55
Q

Bovine heart: right view

3

A

Cranial vena cava

56
Q

Bovine heart: right view

4

A

Left pulmonary vein

57
Q

Bovine heart: right view

5

A

Right azygous vein

58
Q

Bovine heart: right view

6

A

Caudal vena cava

59
Q

Bovine heart: right view

7

A

Right coronary artery

CAR (17 decks)

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