heart anatomy I

Question 1

layout the structures found on lateral view of mediastinum from anterior to posterior

Answer 1

sternum

anterior mediastinum

middle mediastinum

posterior mediastinum

vertabrae

Question 2

where is the angle of louis located

Answer 2

2nd costal cartilage

Question 3

angle of Lois is also known as

Answer 3

manubriosternal joint

Question 4

what is the pericardium

Answer 4

fibrous sac that surrounds the heart

Question 5

a feature of the pericardium

Answer 5

cannot be stretched

Question 6

layers of pericardium reaching to the heart

Answer 6

fibrous pericardium

parietal layer of serous pericardium

visceral layer of serous pericardium

heart

Question 7

what is the significance of transverse sinus

Answer 7

allow surgeons to isolate pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

Question 8

what is the oblique sinus

Answer 8

blind ending passage posterior to the heart formed by reflections of visceral and parietal pericardium

Question 9

how many ligaments of pericardium are there

Answer 9

4

Question 10

list down the ligaments of pericardium

Answer 10

vertebropericardial ligaments

superior sterno pericardial ligaments

xipho pericardial ligaments

phreno pericardial ligaments

Question 11

what is the cardiac tamponade

Answer 11

accumulation of fluid at the pericardial sac

Question 12

cardiac tamponade leads to

Answer 12

compression of the heart

Question 13

3 signs of becks triad

Answer 13

low BP

muffled heart sounds

distension of jugular vein

Question 14

what does becks triad cause

Answer 14

impairs ability to pump blood

Question 15

what is pericardiocentesis

Answer 15

drainage of pericardial fluid

Question 16

what is pericarditis

Answer 16

inflammation of pericardium

Question 17

how to relieve pain of pericarditis

Answer 17

knee close to heart (sitting down position)

Question 18

the heart is located at which mediastinum

Answer 18

middle

Question 19

long axis is parallel to what

Answer 19

interventricular septum

Question 20

short axis is located at

Answer 20

perpendicular to the long axis at the level of atrioventricular valves

Question 21

sturctures of heart

Answer 21

an apex

a base

3 surfaces

4 borders

Question 22

where is apex located

Answer 22

at furthermost point of heart and outermost

at the top of left ventricle

5th left intercostal space at the mid clavicular line

Question 23

where is the base of the heart

Answer 23

mainly at the left atrium

Question 24

what is immediately behind the base of the heart

Answer 24

oesophagus

Question 25

what is present at the superior borders of heart (2D concept)

Answer 25

RA LA auricles great vessels

Question 26

what is located at right borderd of heart (2D concept)

Answer 26

RA between SVC and IVC

Question 27

what is the left borders of the 2D concept

Answer 27

mainly Lv

Question 28

what is the inferior border of heart (2D concept)

Answer 28

mainly RV plus some LV

Question 29

what is the anterior surfaces of heart (3D concept)

Answer 29

mainly right ventricle

Question 30

what os at the left surfaces of the heart (3D)

Answer 30

left pulmonary leaves cardiac impression on left lung

Question 31

what is at right surface (3D) of heart

Answer 31

right pulmonary mainly right atrium

Question 32

what is the inferior surface of heart

Answer 32

mainly left ventricle rests above central tendon of diaphragm

Question 33

what are the internal features of right atrium

Answer 33

opening of IVC annulus fossae ovalis fossa ovalis cusp of right atrioventricular valve papillary muscle with cordae tendinae opening of coronary sinus

Question 34

where does coronary sinus drain

Answer 34

into the right atrium

Question 35

what is the patent foramen ovale

Answer 35

a hole in the heart that didnt close the way it shld after birth

Question 36

what is the coronary sinus

Answer 36

collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from heart muscle

Question 37

moderator band is also known as

Answer 37

septomarginal band

Question 38

what does moderator band do

Answer 38

carries part of the conducting system of the right bundle branch to the anterior papillary muscle

Question 39

features of left atrium

Answer 39

receives 4 valve less pulmonary veins walls slightly thicker than RA forms base of the heart

Question 40

how much thicker is the LV to the RV

Answer 40

2-3 times

Question 41

how do we calculate wall stress

Answer 41

(pressure x radius)/ wall thicknesss