Heart and fetal circulation

Question 1

what are the general characteristics of the heart

Answer 1

approximately the size of a closed fist
rests on the diaphragm
2/3 of the mass lies on the left of the midline

Question 2

what is the anatomy of the heart

Answer 2

apex
base
superior R point
superior L point
inferior R point
inferior L point

Question 3

what is the pericardium

Answer 3

double-layered membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
fibrous layer
serous layer

Question 4

which layer of the pericardium in more on the outside

Answer 4

fibrous layer

Question 5

what does the fibrous layer do

Answer 5

prevents over stretching of the heart

Question 6

what are the 2 layer of the serous layer of the heart

Answer 6

parietal and visceral (epicardium)

Question 7

pericardium

Answer 7

pericardial cavity

pericardial fluid

Question 8

what can happen to the pericardium

Answer 8

pericarditis

cardiac tamponade

Question 9

what are the layers of the heart wall

Answer 9

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Question 10

what is the epicardium

Answer 10

visceral layer of the pericardium

Question 11

what is the myocardium

Answer 11

cardiac muscle tissue

Question 12

what is the endocardium

Answer 12

inner smooth lining of the chambers
covers the valves of the heart
continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels

Question 13

what are the chambers of the heart

Answer 13

2 upper chambers : atria (auricle)

2 lower chambers: ventricles

Question 14

describe the right atrium

Answer 14

receives blood form the 3 major veins (IVC, SVC, coronary sinus)
right auricle
pectinate m.
interatrial septum (fossa ovalis)
tricuspid valve

Question 15

what are the structures of the right ventricle

Answer 15

trabeculae carnae
cordae tendinae
papillary m. 
interventricular septum
pulmonary semilunar valves

Question 16

describe the left atrium

Answer 16

receives blood from the pulmonary veins
left auricle
pectinate m.
bicuspid valve

Question 17

what are the structures of the left ventricle

Answer 17

trabeculae carnae
cordae tendinae
papillary m.
aortic semi-lunar valve

Question 18

from where is the oxygenated blood ejected in the systemic circulation

Answer 18

the left ventricle

Question 19

what happens when the atrioventricular valves are open

Answer 19

pointed ends project into the ventricles
the blood moves into the ventricles
the papillary m. are relaxed
the cordae tendinae are slack

Question 20

what happens when the atrioventricular valves are closed

Answer 20

the pressure drives the cusps upward
the papillary m. contract
the cordae tendinae are tightened and prevent the cusps from opening into the atrium

Question 21

semi-lunar valves

Answer 21

allow ejection of blood into the vessels and prevent backflow into the ventricles
each consists of three cusps
outer border is attached to the artery wall
valves are open when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure

Question 22

what are the two types of circulation

Answer 22

pulmonary and systemic

Question 23

t/f the entire body receives blood from the systemic circulation except for the lungs

Answer 23

true

Question 24

by what are the lungs supplied in blood

Answer 24

pulmonary circulation

Question 25

what is coronary circulation

Answer 25

the heart receives blood from the R and L coronary arteries

Question 26

what does the L coronary a suply

Answer 26

both ventricles and the left atrium

Question 27

what does the R coronary a. supply

Answer 27

both ventricles

Question 28

where do the coronary arteries orignate

Answer 28

the base of the ascending aorta

Question 29

what are the coronary veins

Answer 29

``` coronary sinus great cardia v middle cardiac v small cardiac v anterior cardiac v ```

Question 30

what are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle

Answer 30

relaxation period ventricular filling ventricular systole

Question 31

what is systole

Answer 31

phase of contraction

Question 32

what is diastole

Answer 32

phase of relaxation

Question 33

what happens in the relaxation period

Answer 33

ventricles relax, all 4 chambers are in diastole blood flows back towards the ventricles closing the SL valves pressure falls inside the ventricles AV valves open and ventricles begin filling

Question 34

ventricular filling

Answer 34

75% occurs without atrial systole 25% occurs with contraction of the pectinate m. AV valves are open while semi-lunar valves are closed

Question 35

ventricular systole

Answer 35

ventricular contraction pushes blood against AV valves pressure inside ventricles rises when pressure exceeds arterial P, both semi-lunar valves open lasts until ventricles relax and cycle restarts

Question 36

how many sounds are there in 1 cardiac cyle

Answer 36

``` 4: 1- closing of the AV valves beginning of ventricular systole 2- closing of SL valves end of ventricular systole 3- rapid ventricular filling 4- atrial systole ```

Question 37

what changes occur in maternal CV system

Answer 37

increase in SV increase in CO increase in HR increase in BV

Question 38

whats adjustments occur of the infant at birth

Answer 38

closure of the foramen ovale | closing of the ductus arteriosus and becomes ligamentum arteriosum