heart and major vessels

Question 1

1) What is dextroversion?
a) Congenital malposition where the heart is positioned on the left side of the thorax and there is a mirror image arrangement of the abdominal viscera
b) Congenital malposition where the heart is positioned on the right side of the thorax but the left ventricle is still in the left sided position.
c) Displacement or congenital malposition where the apex of the heart is positioned more to the right than normal.
d) Congenital malposition where the heart is positioned on the right side of the thorax, there is a mirror image arrangement of the thoracic and abdominal viscera

Answer 1

B

Question 2

2) What is total situs inversus?
a) Congenital malposition where the heart is positioned on the left side of the thorax and there is a mirror image arrangement of the abdominal viscera
b) Congenital malposition where the heart is positioned on the right side of the thorax but the left ventricle is still in the left sided position.
c) Displacement or congenital malposition where the apex of the heart is positioned more to the right than normal.
d) Congenital malposition where the heart is positioned on the right side of the thorax, there is a mirror image arrangement of the thoracic and abdominal viscera

Answer 2

D

Question 3

3) Using the clock face analogy, where is the main pulmonary artery located on a DV projection in a dog?
a) 11-12
b) 12-1
c) 1-2
d) 2-3

Answer 3

b

Question 4

4) Using the clock face analogy, where is the left auricular appendage located on a DV projection in a cat?
a) 9-11
b) 11-1
c) 1-2
d) 2-3

Answer 4

c

Question 5

6) How does the heart look different on a VD compared to a DV (select all that apply)
a) The overall shape and position of the apex is more consistent on a VD
b) You may see a bulge in the position of the main pulmonary artery on a VD
c) The apex is more in the midline in a VD
d) The apex is more to the left in a VD

Answer 5

B, c

Question 6

8) True or false, in cats the cardiac silhouette should be no more than 3.5 intercostal spaces in width on the lateral projection?
a) True
b) False

Answer 6

b

Question 7

10) Which disease can lead to enlargement of the aortic arch on a radiograph?
a) Heart worm
b) Sub aortic stenosis
c) Tricuspid dysplasia
d) PDA

Answer 7

B

PDA prominent aortic arch

Question 8

11) Which of the following are false regarding a persistent left cranial vena cava?
a) Is always clinically significant
b) Drains in to the coronary sinus
c) It is very rare
d) It is common in shar peis

Answer 8

a,d

Question 9

12) What changes are expected radiographically if a normal PDA is present?
a) Prominence of the aortic arch, main pulmonary artery and left auricle. Enlarge left atrium, enlarged pulmonary arteries
b) Prominence of the aortic arch, main pulmonary artery and left auricle. Enlarge left atrium, enlarged pulmonary vessels (arteries and veins)
c) Reverse D shape, enlarged main pulmonary artery, pleural effusion
d) Ascites, pleural effusion, rounded cardiac silhouette

Answer 9

b

Question 10

13) What is the most common form of pulmonic stenosis?
a) Subvalvular
b) Valvular
c) Supravalvular
d) A and C

Answer 10

B

Question 11

14) Which of the following statements are false regarding tricuspid dysplasia?
a) Ebsteins anomaly is a rare form in which part of the RV is atrialised
b) A holosystolic murmur will be identified over the tricuspid valve
c) End stage cardiac failure is seen as pulmonary oedema
d) The apex is shifted to the right on the DV projection

Answer 11

c,d

Question 12

15) Which of the following are radiographic signs of tetralogy of fallot?
a) Enlarged cardiac silhouette, RV enlargement, loss of cranial indentation of the cardiac silhouette, enlarged MPA
b) Enlarged cardiac silhouette, RV enlargement, loss of cranial indentation of the cardiac silhouette, normal to small MPA, Hypovascularisation of the lungs
c) Normal to small cardiac silhouette, LV enlargement, loss of cranial indentation of the cardiac silhouette, normal to small MPA, Hypovascularisation of the lungs
d) Normal to small cardiac silhouette, RV enlargement, loss of cranial indentation of the cardiac silhouette, normal to small MPA, Hypovascularisation of the lungs

Answer 12

D

Question 13

16) Which of the following can help distinguish between a PRAA and another type of vascular ring anomaly?
a) The deviation of the trachea
b) Signs of aspiration pneumonia
c) Whether or not the left margin of the descending aorta is visible
d) Whether or not the right margin of the caudal vena cava is visible

Answer 13

A,C

Question 14

17) Which valves are most commonly affected by infective endocarditis?
a) Tricuspid
b) Mitral
c) Aortic
d) Pulmonic

Answer 14

c,b

Question 15

18) Which of the following diseases are common causes of pericardial effusion in cats?
a) FIP
b) FeLV
c) Lymphoma
d) Heart base tumours

Answer 15

a,c
and CHF

Question 16

19) What endocrine disease can cause a redundant aorta?
a) Congenital hypothyroidism
b) Addisons
c) Hyperadrenocorticism
d) Diabetes mellitus

Answer 16

a

Question 17

20) Which of the below is not a cause of enlarged pulmonary arteries?
a) Heartworm disease
b) VSD
c) Severe pulmonic stenosis
d) Peripheral arteriovenous fistula

Answer 17

c

but can occur sometimes with pulmonic stenosis

Question 18

21) What is the most common congenital cause of pressure overload in cats?
a) ASD
b) VSD
c) PDA
d) Dynamic subaortic stenosis

Answer 18

d

Question 19

23) What is the most common ASD?
a) Sinus venosus- high
b) Ostium secondum- mid
c) Ostium primum- low
d) Endocardial cushion defect- low

Answer 19

b, some authors think foramen ovale

Question 20

22) What causes closure of the ductus arteriosus by constriction of the smooth muscle?
a) Increased arterial oxygen tension causing prostaglandin release
b) Increased arterial oxygen tension causing inhibition of prostaglandin release
c) Decreased arterial oxygen tension causing prostaglandin release
d) Decreased arterial oxygen tension causing inhibition of prostaglandin release

Answer 20

b

Question 21

24) What is going on in this first pass radionucleotide angiogram?
a) Left to right shunting
b) Right to left shunting
c) Normal
d) Non-diagnostic

Answer 21

a

Question 22

25) What are the most common congenital defects in cats (2)?
a) ASD
b) VSD
c) Pulmonic stenosis
d) Mitral valve dysplasia

Answer 22

b,d

Question 23

26) What are the features of tetralogy of fallot?
a) Aortic stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, subaortic VSD, dextroposition of the aorta
b) Pulmonic stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ASD, dextroposition of the aorta
c) Pulmonic stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, subaortic VSD, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, dextroposition of the aorta, underperfusion of the pulmonary vessels
d) Pulmonic stenosis, subaortic VSD, dextroposition of the aorta, enlarged pulmonary veins

Answer 23

c

Question 24

2) What are the radiographic findings for cor triatrium dexter?
a) Soft tissue opacity bulge between 9-11 o clock on the DV and lateral projections, dilation of the CdVC, hepatomegaly, possible peritoneal effusion
b) Left atrial dilatation, enlarged pulmonary veins, possible interstitial to alveolar lung pattern
c) Right sided cardiac enlargement, dilation of the MPA with tortuous pulmonary arteries
d) Generalized cardiomegaly, pleural and peritoneal effusion

Answer 24

A

Question 25

4) What radiographic signs would not be excepted in a cat with RCM and signs of heart failure? a) Left atrial enlargement b) Right atrial enlargement c) Enlarged pulmonary veins d) Pulmonary infiltrate

Answer 25

B

Question 26

5) True or false, a thrombus within the left atrium or left auricular appendage is more common with RCM that other cardiomyopathies in cats? a) True b) False

Answer 26

a- check when read chapter again

Question 27

6) DCM in cats is associated with what? a) Hyperthyroidism b) Thiamine deficiency c) Taurine deficiency d) Breed predisposition in maine coons

Answer 27

c

Question 28

7) How many valve leaflets are there in the tricuspid and mitral valves? a) 2 in mitral valve, 3 in tricuspid b) 2 in both c) 3 in both d) 2 in both in dogs, 2 in mitral and 3 in tricuspid in cats

Answer 28

7) B. 2 leaflets, but more cusps! tricuspid- 2 cusps but can have 2, 4 or 5 in some cases in dogs. Mitral- Miller's says division is indistinct. 2 leaflets. dyce says the same as human anatomy in the basic anatomy section and isn't specific in the dog and cat section.

Question 29

8) A small breed dog with myxomatous mitral valve disease stage C has a fractional shortening of the left ventricle of 35% noted on echocardiography. What does this mean? a) This would be deemed normal for the disease process b) This is hyperdynamic due to regurgitation through the valve c) This is hypomotile and points towards reduced myocardial contractility d) I cannot evaluate without specific breed information

Answer 29

c. with severe MVD they are normally hypermotile with FS of >50%

Question 30

11) Jugular venous distension is not always a feature of which cause of right sided heart failure? a) Pericardial effusion b) Tricuspid dysplasia c) Pulmonic stenosis d) Cor triatrium dexter

Answer 30

d

Question 31

12) What is the most common heart base mass? a) Haemangiosarcoma b) Chemodectoma c) Ectopic thyroid carcinoma d) Myxoma

Answer 31

b

Question 32

13) At what larval stage do lungworm larvae migrate through the liver to the right side of the heart? a) L2 b) L3 c) L4 d) L5

Answer 32

d

Question 33

Which echo positions are best for Doppler assessment of the heart?

Answer 33

Left apical, cranial and subcostal

Question 34

The right ventricular internal diameter should be equal what in a normal dog (in proportion to the left ventricular internal diameter)?

Answer 34

1/3 the left ventricular internal diameter

Question 35

How much should the left ventricular size decrease by in systole compared to diastole

Answer 35

30-40% but in big dogs it could be 22-25. In cats 40%

Question 36

When is end diastole on both the qrs complex and in imaging the heart?

Answer 36

Onset of the qrs complex and the frame following mitral valve closure

Question 37

When is end systole in terms of the qrs complex and the echo images?

Answer 37

At the end of the t wave, before mitral valve opening and when the left ventricular internal diameter is smallest

Question 38

Atrial contraction contributes what percentage to the final volume of the ventricle?

Answer 38

10-20%. Left ventricle in particular 15-30%

Question 39

Is diastolic dysfunction the main case of heart failure in dogs, or cats?

Answer 39

Cats. It contributes in dogs with dcm

Question 40

How many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium? 2 3-5 5-8 6

Answer 40

5-8, usually 7.

Question 41

La ao greater than what value in dogs is abnormal?

Answer 41

1.6

Question 42

Name the aortic cusps.

Answer 42

Left coronary, right coronary, non coronary

Question 43

What is the modified Bernoulli equation to work out a pressure difference?

Answer 43

4x velocity squared 4V^2

Question 44

How can you tell and measure pulmonary hypertension

Answer 44

generally don't add right atrial pressure on as inaccurate Consensus 30mmhg or 3.4m/s plus other signs like intraventricular septal flattening

Question 45

What other heart problem can occur commonly with aortic stenosis? Malformation of the aortic arch Arrhythmias Vsd

Answer 45

Arrhythmias due to reduced perfusion of the left ventricle. Can also develop mitral insufficiency

Question 46

Shunting of blood in tetralogy of fallot is usually which direction?

Answer 46

Right to left

Question 47

What is a normal e/a wave ratio in cats?

Answer 47

More than 1

Question 48

which layer does the heart develop form? a) endoderm b) neural tube c) mesoderm d) ectoderm

Answer 48

C splanchnic mesoderm

Question 49

in dogs with left heart enlargement, how can the position of the cardiac apex be effected in a DV/VD view?

Answer 49

the apex may be shifted to the right

Question 50

Answer 50

DV thoracic radiograph of an obese Domestic Shorthaired cat. The cardiac silhouette has an unusual shape due to border effacement with a triangular soft tissue opacity on the right side (arrowed). A CT examination confirmed the lung was within normal limits and the opacity was due to a large amount of pericardial fat (even though it has a soft tissue opacity). This appearance should not be confused with pathology.

Question 51

can the cardiac cycle effect the VHS?

Answer 51

yes

Question 52

a PDA is usually a connection between which vein, and the aorta?

Answer 52

left pulmonary vein

Question 53

which projection are the cranial lobar vessels more separated from each other?

Answer 53

LLR

Question 54

In the cat, the right cranial lobar artery should be XXX times that of the proximal thirs of the fourth rib, the veins should be YYYcm in diameter at the same point a) 0.2-0.6 b) 0.5-1.0 c) 0.8-1.2 d) 0.5 e) 0.2 f) 0.8

Answer 54

0.5-1x 0.2cm

Question 55

in the dog, a cranial pulmonary artery or vein should be considered enlarged if the vessels is more than xx x the proximal third of the fourth rib a) 1.0 b)1.2 c) 1.4 d) 0.9

Answer 55

B

Question 56

in cats the cut off for caudal pulmonary arterial enlargement is xxx x the ninth rib for assessment of heartworm disease a)1.1 b) 1.25 c)1.6 d)1.8

Answer 56

C

Question 57

in a lateral projection, how much of the heart should be cranial to a line drawn from the apex to the carina?

Answer 57

2/3 To evaluate the size of the RV, a line can be drawn from the carina to the cardiac apex; approximately two-thirds of the cardiac silhouette should lie cranial to this line and one-third caudal to it. An increased cranial component (e.g. four-fifths cranial and one-fifth caudal to the line) suggests right-sided enlargement. Rotation of the cardiac apex caudodorsally away from the sternum (i.e. pointing more towards the liver than the sternum; apex tipping) is a sensitive sign of right ventricular enlargement but is not always present. Right ventricular (or atrial) enlargement may displace the trachea dorsally over the heart base and cranial to the carina, but the trachea will still maintain its normal terminal ventral bend (unlike in left ventricular enlargement). Other findings with RV enlargement include widening of the cardiac silhouette (non-specific) and increased cardiosternal contact (non-specific and not very useful – do not rely on this in isolation).

Question 58

which projection is most useful for assessment of right ventriculomegaly? DV lateral

Answer 58

DV more reliable reverse D right ventricular enlargement: On the DV view, a line is drawn through the cardiac silhouette from the right side of the mediastinum to the cardiac apex; the right:left ratio of the cardiac silhouette is >1:1, consistent with right heart enlargement (normal is approximately 1:1)

Question 59

what are the signs of left atrial enlargement in dogs on radiographs in a DV projection?

Answer 59

The enlarged LA is projected over the cardiac silhouette at the 5–7 o’clock position This must be differentiated from enlargement of the middle tracheobronchial lymph node, which will produce divergence of the principal bronchi on DV and VD views but will push them ventrally on a lateral view (see Chapter 10). A large LA may also create a ‘double opacity’ sign on this view. This is the presence of two differing soft tissue opacities between the principal bronchi. This results from the enlarged atrium summating with the ventricle and producing more attenuation of the X-ray beam. An enlarged LAA may be seen at the 2.30–3 o’clock position.

Question 60

which congenital cardiac diseases can cause the heart to look relatively normal on radiographs (4)

Answer 60

Concentric ventricular hypertrophy: Aortic stenosis (if no post-stenotic dilatation) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (preclinical) Pulmonic stenosis (when mild and no post-stenotic dilatation) Small atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD) or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Question 61

what endocrine disorders can lead to dilation/ enlargement/ abnormality/ mineralisation of the aorta? (3)?

Answer 61

congenital hypothyroidism- redundant aorta primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism- calcification hyperadrenocorticism- calcification

Question 62

in dogs with left CHF, where are the main lung opacities? a) cranioventral, worse on the left b) cranially, worse on the right c) cauddorsally, perihilar, bilateral but can be worse on the right d) dorsally, bilateral

Answer 62

C usually extends from central to more peripheral Note that severe left-sided heart disease must also be present to make the diagnosis of left-sided heart failure. Noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema may mimic the radiographic appearance in the absence of left atrial enlargement One complicating situation is that of acute-onset heart failure, such as secondary to ruptured chordae tendinae. In this situation, substantial left-sided cardiomegaly may not be present. Echocardiographic examination will provide an accurate diagnosis the variable appearance in the cat makes diagnosis harder

Question 63

true or false, with right heart failure, you often get pleural effusion only, without ascites

Answer 63

false Ascites (peritoneal effusion). Pleural fluid without concurrent ascites is rarely due to heart failure

Question 64

what breeds are more commonly affected by pulmonic stenosis (3) a) Bulldogs b) Labradors c) Beagles d) Boxers e) Dachshunds f) llasa apso

Answer 64

Bulldogs, Beagles, Boxers, Chihuahuas, Cocker Spaniels, French Bulldogs, Schnauzers and all terriers. rare in cats

Question 65

what type of coronary anomaly is this?

Answer 65

R2a type Many variations are possible, but most commonly the left and right coronary arteries branch from a single large coronary artery that arises from the right aortic sinus of Valsalva and wraps around the right ventricular outflow tract. In some cases, this is the sole cause of the obstruction; in other cases, there is valvular stenosis as well

Question 66

what are the arrows pointing at, what congenital disease could this be?

Answer 66

Pulmonic stenosis NB Double-chambered RV or infundibular stenosis can be regarded as a form of subvalvular pulmonic stenosis

Question 67

which is the most common type of VSD? a) Muscular b) perimembraneous

Answer 67

B

Question 68

what radiographic changes can be seen wih a VSD?

Answer 68

Small defects: thoracic radiographs can be normal Larger defects: left atrial and left ventricular enlargement with or without increased vascular pattern in the lungs. the right side is usually not affected as the blood from the left usually enters the RVOT and goes straight to the lungs. In cases with left-sided CHF: pulmonary oedema In cases with biventricular heart failure: pulmonary oedema, pleural and peritoneal effusion * Varying degrees of right ventricular and pulmonic trunk enlargement are also possible, depending on the level and size of the defect Pulmonic trunk enlargement and an underperfused lung periphery suggests pulmonary hypertension or concurrent pulmonic stenosis and shunt reversal (right-to-left). If there is significant pulmonary hypertension associated with Eisenmenger’s syndrome, concentric right ventricular hypertrophy (possibly with RV dilatation) will be evident, associated with flattening of the IVS. This is usually associated with large and therefore easily imageable and measurable VSDs

Question 69

which congenital cardiac disease should be considered if the left atrium is moderately dilatated on radiographs, but the LV is normal and the right heart is normal? a) mitral stenosis b) ASD c) VSD d) aortic stenosis

Answer 69

A more likely. Note that supravalvular mitral stenosis closely resembles core triatrium sinister. The only difference is the level of the obstructing membrane. In supravalvular mitral stenosis the obstruction is distal to the foramen ovale and LAA and the LAA will be dilated. In CTS the obstruction is proximal to the foramen ovale and the LAA is therefore downstream and does not enlarge. other options: -possibly earlier mitral dysplasia -VSD would cause both LA nd LV to be big if a severe case -ASD radiographs often normal -PS- concentric hypertrophy of the LV so the heart many appear normal or slightly taller), enlarged LA but more mild

Question 70

what animals/ breeds are more affected by tricuspid dysplasia? a) cats b) large breed dogs c) small breed dogs d) all dog breeds

Answer 70

B Labradors most common. In Labrador Retrievers, familial disease and a genetic basis to the disease have been confirmed. The condition is also seen in cats.

Question 71

what breed is most commonly affected by mitral dysplasia? a) bull terriers b) Labrador retrievers c) Chihuahuas d) bichon frise

Answer 71

A This condition is frequently encountered in dogs, especially Bull Terriers, Springer Spaniels, Great Danes, German Shepherd Dogs, Mastiffs, Golden Retrievers and Newfoundlands.

Question 72

what is the most common cause of cyanotic cardiac disease in young animals? a) pulmonic stenosis b) PDA c) tetralogy of fallot d) sub aortic stenosis

Answer 72

C The right ventricular outflow obstruction results in right ventricular pressure overload. Increased right ventricular pressure leads to shunting of blood from the right side to the left via the VSD. Deoxygenated blood mixes with leftsided oxygenated blood and hypoxaemia results. The LA and LV are small and the pulmonary arteries and veins are underperfused. The bronchial arteries increase the systemic collateral circulation that they provide to the lungs.

Question 73

what causes cor triatrium dexter? a) failure of the right sinus venosus valve to regress during embryogenesis b) failure of the left sinus venosus valve to regress during embryogenesis c) failure of the ostium primum to close during embryogenesis d) failure of the membranous part of the interventricular septum to form during embryogenesis

Answer 73

A

Question 74

a) marfan like syndrome b) MPS c) aortic coarctation d) sub aortic stenosis

Answer 74

C The disease consists of a narrowing of the aortic lumen that usually occurs at the aortic isthmus, the segment of the aorta between the origin of the left subclavian artery and the insertion of the ductus arteriosus. The narrowing is responsible for obstruction to the flow into the descending aorta and aneurysmal dilatation of the aorta caudal to the obstruction. the left ventricle has time to adapt so there is often no clinical signs. Aortic dilation occurs in some forms of mucopolysaccharidosis, possibly due to alterations in elastin production

Question 75

Which of the below describes DCM? a) biventricular hypertrophy b) left-sided or four-chamber dilatation and impaired left ventricular systolic function, secondary mitral valve regurgitation b) left ventricular dilation and high fractional shortening c) irregular appearing myocardium, bands joining the IVS to the LV free wall

Answer 75

B MVR due to stretching of the annulus

Question 76

does DCM usually present with right or left heart failure?

Answer 76

usually left sided, but can be either/ both in a dog with cardiomegaly presenting with predominantly right-sided CHF, pericardial effusion must be excluded.

Question 77

what is the difference in heart shape and size in dobermans with DCM compared to other breeds? a) in dobermans, the right sided cardiomegaly is more evident b) the heart is more globular in Dobermanns, whereas other breed have clear left atrial and ventricular enlargement c) Dobermanns may show a tall but not globular cardiac silhouette with significant left atrial enlargement d) relatively normal wall thickness, left ventricular chamber size and systolic function, but marked left atrial enlargement.

Answer 77

C

Question 78

what does the valentine shape of a heart in a cat mean?

Answer 78

appearing like biatrial enlargement, the LA and LAA are large and push on the interracial septum, making the right side look big. Alternatively, the right side could also be big. need to assess with echo

Question 79

what is the mean VHS of normal cats?

Answer 79

7.5 +/- 0.3

Question 80

in cats, normal mitral e:a wave ratio is? a >1 but <2 b) or equal to 1.8 c) more than 2

Answer 80

A care with pseudonormal- large left atrium should be seen dogs: The mitral E:A ratio is influenced by diastolic function. Dogs with MMVD tend to be older; in older healthy dogs, the mitral E:A velocity ratio may be <1, which is a sign of impaired relaxation (a normal aging change). If this is seen, left-sided filling pressures are not likely to be increased. A pseudo-normal (mitral E:A ratio 1–2) or restrictive (mitral E:A ratio >2) transmitral flow pattern can be consistent with increased left atrial pressure (especially if E velocity >1.2 m/s) and/or reduced left atrial function, secondary to significant dilatation.

Question 81

DCM is rare in cats, it can be caused by a deficiency in what? a) thyroid hormones b) taurine c) thiamine d) leucine

Answer 81

B

Question 82

can systemic hypertension lead to L CHF

Answer 82

yes- hypertension leads to LV hypertrophy, which can lead to MVR (high velocity) and secondary L CHF causes of hypertension include: Kidney disease (especially protein-losing nephropathies); chronic kidney disease Hyperthyroidism Hyperadrenocorticism Acromegaly Phaeochromocytoma Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome). essestial- no cause found

Question 83

post capillary pulmonary hypertension is usually caused by what 2 disease categories?

Answer 83

associated with left heart disease or pulmonary venous compression by a mass lesion

Question 84

what PH category is associated with cor pulmonale?

Answer 84

type 3. Cor pulmonale is the term given to right heart changes or development of right-sided CHF associated with primary respiratory disease (usually associated with pulmonary hypertension type 3).

Question 85

what tricuspid regurgitation velocity is highly indicative of PAH in the presence of flattening of the interventricular septum, enlarged pulmonary trunk and dilation of the RV (minimum value required for high probability)? a) 3.4m/s b) 3.8m/s c) 3.0m/s d) 2.5m/s

Answer 85

C tricuspid regurgitation velocity of >3.4 m/s alone corresponds to a high probability of pulmonary hypertension (in the absence of pulmonary stenosis or RVOT obstruction). A tricuspid regurgitation velocity of >3.0 m/s in the presence of supporting anatomical features, such as dilated pulmonic trunk and right ventricular dilatation, also indicates a high probability of pulmonary hypertension

Question 86

what is the second most common valve to be affected by endocardiosis

Answer 86

tricuspid order: the mitral valve is predominantly affected, followed by the tricuspid, aortic and pulmonic valves

Question 87

name 4 potential sequalae to end stage MMVD in dogs?

Answer 87

pulmonary hypertension, systolic dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, ruptured chordae, atrial tear. ruptured minor chordae are fairly common. However, rupture of a primary cord can result in a sudden increase in left atrial pressure and acute decompensation into stage C CHF with fulminant pulmonary oedema.

Question 88

name 3 causes of pericardial effusion in dogs

Answer 88

idiopathic (also known as idiopathic pericarditis), cardiac neoplasia, septic pericarditis, left atrial tear, systemic disease (uraemia, SIRS, hypoalbuminaemia) cats- CHF, FIP, lymphoma

Question 89

which neoplasm is most common in the right atrial appendage or right atrioventricular groove? a) mayoxma b) chemodectoma c) HSA d) ectopic thyroid carcinoma

Answer 89

C

Question 90

pericardial cysts are ___ are are usually thick walled and filled with haemorrhagic fluid a) common b) common in toy breed dogs c) rare d) common in terriers

Answer 90

C

Question 91

which part of the heart could be herniated?

Answer 91

LAA suspected

Question 92

what are the common underlying causes of aortic thromboembolism in dogs?

Answer 92

Endocrine disease (e.g. hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism) Protein-losing conditions (e.g. protein-losing nephropathy or enteropathy) Inflammatory conditions (e.g. immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia, steroid-responsive meningoarteritis).

Question 93

which of the following is not seen as commonly in cats with heartworm? a) enlargement of the caudal lobar arteries b) right sided cardiomegaly and tortuosity of the pulmonary arteries c) bronchointerstitial or alveolar lung pattern d) hyperinflation of the lungs

Answer 93

B, less common in cats than dogs differentials for cats for the lung changes can include feline bronchial disease

Question 94

the most common lung pattern in dogs with lung worm: a) diffuse bronchial b) multifocal or peripheral alveolar pattern, bronchial thickening c) generalised interstitial d) perihilar, interstitial to alveolarm enlarged pulmonary arteries

Answer 94

B Most common findings are alveolar pattern and bronchial thickening (seen in approximately 80% and 70% of dogs, respectively). Typically, the alveolar infiltrate has a multifocal or peripheral distribution. Less commonly, a mild generalized interstitial pattern may be seen. Although A. vasorum is a pulmonary vascular parasite, significant radiographic changes affecting the pulmonary arteries are not usually seen. can see signs of pulmonary hypertension in the heart, but not all cases due to opening of arteriovenous anastomoses Thoracic CT findings have been reported. They reflect the radiographic changes, confirming a more peripheral distribution of lesions from diffuse, multifocal nodules of ground-glass opacity to consolidated lung with air bronchograms. Filling defects within pulmonary arteries can sometimes be appreciated on contrast CT images, consistent with thromboembolism.

Question 95

true or false, pulmonary thromboembolism can be a consequence of PTE?

Answer 95

true, can be a cause or consequence. Any condition that affects pulmonary vascular endothelium, including dirofilariasis, angiostrongylosis and pulmonary hypertension, may result in thrombus formation. Conditions resulting in a hypercoagulable state may also result in pulmonary thrombi or thromboembolism. These include endocrine disease (e.g. hyperadrenocorticism), protein-losing conditions (e.g. glomerular disease), neoplasia and inflammatory diseases such as immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia.