Heart and pericardium

Question 1

What are the two parts of the pericardium (outside to in)

Answer 1

Fibrous pericardium (outer)
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Serous layer of serous pericardium

Question 2

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus found

Answer 2

Posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk and anterior to SVC

Question 3

Where is the oblique pericardial sinus found

Answer 3

Serous pericardium which covers SVC, IVC and pulmonary veins

Question 4

What is the endocardium made of

Answer 4

Endothelium and sub endothelial connective tissue

Question 5

What is the fibrous pericardium attached to the diaphragm by

Answer 5

Pericardiophrenic ligaments

Question 6

What is the fibrous pericardium blended into

Answer 6

Adventitia of great vessels

Question 7

What is the arterial supply of fibrous pericardium

Answer 7

Pericardiophrenic artery

Question 8

What is the venous drainage of the fibrous pericardium

Answer 8

Pericardiophrenic veins and azygos venous system

Question 9

What are the surfaces of the heart

Answer 9

Anterior
Inferior
Left pulmonary surface
Right pulmonary surface

Question 10

What is the anterior surface of the heart formed mainly by

Answer 10

right ventricle

Question 11

What is the inferior surface of the heart formed mainly by

Answer 11

Mostly L (with a bit of R) ventricle

Question 12

What is the left pulmonary surface of the heart formed mainly by

Answer 12

Left ventricle (forms cardiac notch)

Question 13

What is the right pulmonary surface formed mainly by

Answer 13

Right atrium

Question 14

Numbers for the borders of the heart

Answer 14

2,3,5,6

Question 15

Borders of the heart

Answer 15

Superior: left cc2–> right cc3
Right: right cc3–> right cc6
Inferior: right cc6–> left ics5
Left: left ics5–> left cc2

Question 16

What are the valve positions on a heart

Answer 16

PAMT 3344

Pulmonary valve; medial to L cc3
Aortic valve; medial to L Ics 3
Mitral (bicuspid); medial to L cc4
Tricuspid; medial to R ics 4

Question 17

Which side of the heart are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves found

Answer 17

Tricuspid- RHS

Bicuspid- LHS

Question 18

Where are the valve auscultation sites

Answer 18

Pulmonary - L ics2 near sternal angle
Aortic- R ics2 near sternal angle
Mitral/bic- L ics5 at apex (midclavicular line)
Tricuspid- 4th/5th Rics

Question 19

Which vessels pass through the pericardium

Answer 19

Inferior and superior vena cava
Left pulmonary veins
Left pulmonary artery

Question 20

What is pericarditis

Answer 20

Swelling of the pericardium

Question 21

Which branches of the coronary arteries are most likely to become occluded

Answer 21

LAD artery

Question 22

What are the four surfaces of the heart

Answer 22

Sternocostal (anterior)
Posterior (base)
Inferior (diaphragmatic)
Right pulmonary
Left pulmonary

Question 23

What is the anterior surface of the heart made of (anterior)

Answer 23

Right ventricle

Question 24

What is the posterior (base) surface of the heart made of

Answer 24

Left atrium

Question 25

What is the diaphragmatic (inferior) surface of the heart made of

Answer 25

Left and right ventricles

Question 26

What is the right pulmonary surface of the heart made of

Answer 26

Right atrium

Question 27

What is the left pulmonary surface of the heart made of

Answer 27

Left ventricle

Question 28

What are the different borders of the heart and what do they contain

Answer 28

Right border- Right atrium Inferior border-left ventricle and right ventricle Left border-left ventricle and some of left atrium Superior border- right and left atrium and the great vessels

Question 29

what're the parts of the heart wall

Answer 29

epicardium Myocardium Endocardium

Question 30

What is the fossa ovalis the remnant of

Answer 30

Foramen ovale

Question 31

When does the fossa ovalis close

Answer 31

When the newborn takes its first breath

Question 32

What is the purpose of the right and left atrial auricles

Answer 32

Muscular pouches that act to increase the capacity of the atrium and sit on top of the atria

Question 33

What was the purpose of the foramen ovale in a foetus

Answer 33

Opening which allowed blood from the right atrium to pass directly into the left atrium by bypassing the lungs as blood didn't require a lot of oxygenation in the foetus as the foetus was obtaining it from the mother

Question 34

Where are the pectinate muscles found and what do they converge to form

Answer 34

IN the heart- converge to form crista terminalis

Question 35

What are trabeculae carnae

Answer 35

Irregular ridges on the internal surface of the ventricles

Question 36

Where are papillary muscles found

Answer 36

IN ventricles

Question 37

What are papillary muscles attached to

Answer 37

Chordae tendinae which itself are attached to the atrioventricular valves

Question 38

What are chordae tendinae attached to

Answer 38

atrioventricular valves and papillary muscles

Question 39

What are chordae tendinae

Answer 39

Fibrous cords attaching to atrioventricular valves

Question 40

What are chordae tendinae for

Answer 40

Prevent the inversion of the valves allowing unidirectional flow

Question 41

At which rib level does the superior vena cava enter the atrium

Answer 41

3rd rib

Question 42

At which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava enter the pericardium

Answer 42

T8

Question 43

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium

Answer 43

Outer parietal layer | Internal visceral layer/epicardium

Question 44

What are both layers of the serous pericardium separated by

Answer 44

Pericardial cavity

Question 45

Innervation of the pericardium and root value

Answer 45

Phrenic nerve (C3-5)

Question 46

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus

Answer 46

- Posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk - Anterior to SVC - superior to left atrium

Question 47

What is the clinical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus

Answer 47

Used to identify and ligate the arteries of the heart during coronary artery bypass grafting

Question 48

What is the origin of the right coronary artery

Answer 48

Right coronary sinus

Question 49

What are the branches of the right coronary artery

Answer 49

- Right marginal artery | - Posterior interventricular artery

Question 50

What is the origin of the left coronary artery

Answer 50

Left coronary sinus

Question 51

What are the branches of the left coronary artery

Answer 51

- Left anterior descending artery - Left marginal artery - Left circumflex artery

Question 52

What does the left circumflex artery contribute to

Answer 52

Posterior interventricular artery

Question 53

Which two branches anastomose (of the coronary arteries)

Answer 53

Anterior and posterior interventricular branches

Question 54

What is the coronary sinus

Answer 54

The main vein of the heart

Question 55

What do some of the veins of the heart drain into

Answer 55

Coronary sinus

Question 56

What veins drain into the coronary sinus

Answer 56

``` Great cardiac vein Small cardiac vein Middle cardiac vein Left marginal vein Left posterior ventricular vein ```

Question 57

What muscles are found in the atria of the heart

Answer 57

- Auricules - Pectinate muscles (converge to form crista terminalis) - Smooth muscle - Fossa ovalis

Question 58

What muscles are found in the ventricles of the heart

Answer 58

- Trabeculae carne - Papillary muscles with chordae tendinae - Moderator band, contains bundle of his fibres