Heart and Vessels Flashcards
The inelastic covering of the heart is called __________.
pericardium
What is the role of the transverse pericardial sinus?
To separate outflow and inflow of the vessels in the heart
What are the two fused layers of the parietal pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium (external)
Serous pericardium (inner surface)
What causes cardiac tamponade?
When blood or other fluid pools deep to the inelastic parietal pericardium
What are the 3 components of Beck’s Triad of Cardiac Tamponade
Lower BP
Weak heart valve sounds
Jugulo-venous distension(bulging neck veins)
The pulmonary circuit takes _____________ blood from the body and moves it to the lungs
A) Oxygenated
B) Poorly-oxygenated
Poorly-oxygenated
The systemic circuit takes _________ blood from the lungs and moves it to the rest of the body
A) Oxygenated
B) Poorly-oxygenated
A) Oxygenated
What is included in the Right border of the heart?
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Inferior vena cava
What is included in the Inferior border?
Primarily right ventricle
What is included in the Superior Border?
Left atrium
Right atrium
What is included in the Left Border?
Left ventricle
Left auricle
What are the 3 functional layers of the heart?
Epicardium- outer lining
Myocardium- heart muscle
Endocardium- inner lining
What kind of lining does the epicardium contain?
Serous lining which releases lubricating fluid
Under the serous lining is connective and adipose tissue
What makes the myocardium similar and different than skeletal muscle?
Similar- both striated
Different-
Myocardium has intercalated discs which coordinate heart contractions
The intercalated discs connect the cytoplasm of all its neighboring cells
Cardiac myocytes have nuclei located centrally vs skeletal muscles have peripheral nuclei
What are the three layers of the endocardium?
Endothelium: simple squamous epithelium with basal lamina, continuous with vessel endothelium. Prevents clots and releases hormones when stretched
Subendothelial Connective Tissue: dense irregular CT (collagen fibers)
Subendocardium: connective tissue layer next to myocardium that contains small vessels and nerves to the myocardium.
What kind of fibers help the heart squeeze blood out from the apex rather than pushing blood to the apex?
Purkinje fibers
The fibrous skeleton of the heart prevents what from happening?
It prevents action potentials from being passed between atria and ventricles
Where would a murmur be transmitted from in A?
Transmitted from aortic valve
Where would a murmur be transmitted from in B?
Transmitted from right atrioventricular valve
(tricuspid)
Where would a murmur be transmitted from in C?
Transmitted from pulmonary valve
Where would a murmur be transmitted from in D?
Transmitted from left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid)
Define restenosis
Smooth muscle cell proliferation that may occlude vessel often following angioplasty or stenting of a vessel
Define aneurysm
ballooning out of artery - weakness in arterial wall. Associated with arteriosclerosis, syphilis, connective tissue disorders (Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome)
What covers capillaries?
A single layer of endothelium
Do continuous capillaries have fenestrations
Nope! They have a continuous endothelium & basal lamina
What kind of capillaries are located throughout most of the body?
Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries have a thin endothelium with large openings covered by ___________.
Basal lamina
Where could you find fenestrated capillaries in the body?
GI tract, endocrine glands, renal capillaries, choroid plexus, & ciliary body
(All these areas require substances to pass to/from the blood and surrounding tissues QUICKLY)
Sinuisodal (Discontinuous) Capillaries have huge gapes between cells, HUGE fenestrations and an incomplete ___________
Basal lamina
Where would I find Sinusoidal/Disontinuous Capillaries?
Hematopoietic organs- spleen, liver, bone marrow
