Heart And Waste

Question 1

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

To transport nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, and waste products throughout the body.

Question 2

Compare and contrast arteries, veins, and capillaries based on their structure.

Answer 2

• Arteries: Thick, muscular walls; carry blood away from the heart
• Veins: Thinner walls; carry blood toward the heart
• Capillaries: Microscopic; site of exchange between blood and tissues.

Question 3

What is the role of the coronary division in the circulatory system?

Answer 3

Supplies blood to the heart muscle.

Question 4

Where does blood get oxygenated and deoxygenated?

Answer 4

• Oxygenated: In the lungs
• Deoxygenated: In the tissues.

Question 5

What factors can increase heart rate?

Answer 5

• Exercise
• Stress
• Hormones
• Caffeine.

Question 6

What are the normal blood pressure readings for systolic and diastolic?

Answer 6

Systolic: 90-120 mmHg; Diastolic: 60-80 mmHg.

Question 7

What is lymph and what does the lymphatic system do?

Answer 7

Lymph is a clear fluid that helps remove waste and toxins; the lymphatic system transports lymph and plays a role in immune response.

Question 8

What are the main components of blood?

Answer 8

• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
• Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Thrombocytes (platelets)
• Plasma.

Question 9

What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?

Answer 9

• Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response
• Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system to neutralize antigens.

Question 10

Match blood types for successful blood transfusions: Who can donate to whom?

Answer 10

• Type A: Can donate to A, AB
• Type B: Can donate to B, AB
• Type AB: Can donate to AB only
• Type O: Universal donor.

Question 11

What is agglutination?

Answer 11

The clumping of cells in response to an antibody interacting with specific antigens.

Question 12

Describe the first line of defense in the immune system.

Answer 12

Physical and chemical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, that prevent pathogen entry.

Question 13

Compare B cells and T cells in the immune response.

Answer 13

• B cells: Produce antibodies; involved in humoral immunity
• T cells: Attack infected cells; involved in cell-mediated immunity.

Question 14

How do vaccines work?

Answer 14

Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens by introducing a harmless form of the pathogen.

Question 15

What are autoimmune disorders?

Answer 15

Conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells.

Question 16

What are the main functions of the excretory system?

Answer 16

• Removal of waste products
• Regulation of water and electrolyte balance.

Question 17

What is the function of the kidneys in the excretory system?

Answer 17

Filter blood, remove waste, and produce urine.

Question 18

Trace the flow of blood through the kidneys.

Answer 18

Blood enters through the renal artery, is filtered in the nephrons, and exits through the renal vein.

Question 19

What two hormones are used in the excretory system?

Answer 19

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Regulates water balance
• Aldosterone: Regulates sodium and potassium balance.

Question 20

What is urinalysis?

Answer 20

A test that analyzes urine to assess health and diagnose diseases.

Question 21

How many nephrons are there in each kidney?

Answer 21

About 1 million

Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney.

Question 22

What are the main components of nephron anatomy?

Answer 22

• Glomerulus
• Bowman’s capsule
• Afferent arteriole
• Efferent arteriole
• Proximal tubule
• Distal tubule
• Loop of Henle
• Collecting duct
• Peritubular capillaries

These components play essential roles in the filtration and reabsorption processes of the kidneys.

Question 23

What is the function of the afferent arteriole?

Answer 23

Supply blood to the nephron

Afferent arterioles bring blood into the glomerulus for filtration.

Question 24

What is the function of the efferent arteriole?

Answer 24

Carries blood away from the glomerulus

Efferent arterioles transport filtered blood out of the nephron.

Question 25

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 25

High pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration ## Footnote The glomerulus is crucial for the filtration of blood in the kidneys.

Question 26

What surrounds the glomerulus?

Answer 26

Bowman's capsule ## Footnote Bowman's capsule is a cup-like structure that collects the filtrate from the glomerulus.

Question 27

What type of capillaries surround the tubules of the nephron?

Answer 27

Peritubular capillaries ## Footnote These capillaries are involved in the reabsorption and secretion processes within the nephron.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for transporting urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Answer 28

Ureter ## Footnote The ureter is a muscular tube that carries urine produced by the kidneys.

Question 29

What is the loop of Henle's primary function?

Answer 29

Concentrate urine and reabsorb water and salts ## Footnote The loop of Henle plays a vital role in creating a concentration gradient in the kidney.

Question 30

True or False: The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the collecting ducts.

Answer 30

True ## Footnote The renal pelvis is crucial for channeling urine into the ureter.

Question 31

What is the role of the collecting duct in the nephron?

Answer 31

Final concentration of urine and collection before it enters the renal pelvis ## Footnote The collecting duct helps regulate water and electrolyte balance.