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Heart Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is characterized by progressive myocardial atrophy and fibrosis and fixed coronary artery stenosis dominate?

A

Chronnic ischemic heart disease

-fixed coronary artery stenosis (stable plaques) dominate

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2
Q

What is associated with pain of myocardial ischemia without infarction?

A

Angina pectoris

  • increased risk for myocardial infaction
  • episodic myocardial hypoxia
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3
Q

What is the most common symptom of ischemic heart disease?

A

Angina pectoris

-symptoms: deep paroxymal pain in anterior chest

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4
Q

Most common cause of angina pectoris?

A

Plaque

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5
Q

What is the difference between stable angina and unstable angina?

A

Stable angina: myocardial ischemia is provoked by increased heart rate and blood pressure, which increases myocardial oxygen demand in excess of coronary perfusion capacity

Unstable angina: coronary thrombosis at ruptured or ulcerated antheroclerotic plaques (associated with stable plaques)

-Angina pain is common when climbing stairs or when out in cold weather

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6
Q

What symptom is common in both angina and myocardial infarction? why they can be confused?

A

Heartbern and GERD

-Oh my GERD

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7
Q

What results from thrombotic occlusion of one or more atherosclerotic coronary artery segments?

A

Myocardial infarction
-characterized by ischemic myocardial necrosis

-leads to subcardiac disease

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8
Q

What coronary arteries are effected in Myocardial infarction?

A 
Anterior interventricular (50%)
Right coronary (30%)
Left circumflex(20%)
  • anterior wall and adjacent septum
  • posterior wall of left ventricle and ajacent septum
  • lateral wall of left ventricle
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9
Q

What are common locations of Myocardial infarctions

A

Left ventricle, extend to right ventricle, atria

-most are in the left ventricle but about 1/3 of myocardial infarctions are in right ventricle

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10
Q

What is associated with death within 1-24h of onset symptoms?

A

Sudden cardiac death

-patient may feel odd then fall dead

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11
Q

What do they call 90-95% of people with hypertension?

A

essential/ primary hypertension

-idiopathic

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12
Q

What is the most common disorder in the world (prevalence of 15%)?

A

Systemic hypertensive heart disease

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13
Q

At least 25% of adults in the US are affected at what level of Hg with systemic hypertensive heart disease?

A

greater then 140/90mmHg

  • this is the lowest mark for hypertension
  • most common in industrialized societies
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14
Q

What causes secondary hypertension?

A

Renal disease, renal artery stenosis, endocrine abnormalities

-responsible for about 1-2% cases of hypertension and associated with identifiable causes

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15
Q

What are the top 4 places that bone metastasis comes from?

A

Breast, prostate, lung, thyroid

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16
Q

What is a common consequence of many conditions that affect lung and heart

A

Pulmonary hypertension

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17
Q

What is blood pressure influenced by?

A

Cardiac output and peripheral arterial resistance

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18
Q

What is the cause of hypertrophy?

A

Hypertensive heart diseases refers to cases where hypertension is the only identifiable cause of hypertrophy

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19
Q

What is the right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertensions caused by diseases of lung and pulmonary vessels?

A

Cor pulmonade

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20
Q

What is common heart disease under age 4?

A

Congenital heart disease

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21
Q

What type of shunt promote left to right flow to allow oxygen of systemic arterial blood

A

Acyanotic shunts

-asymptomatic at birth

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22
Q

What is the most common cause of neonatal shunts?

A

Terology of fallot

-type of cyanotic shunt symptomatic at birth

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23
Q

What are common causes of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Interventricular septal defect overriding aorta right ventricular hypertrophy

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24
Q

How can you detect ventricular septal defect

A

Hear heart murmur (turbulence)

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25
What id the inflammation of endocardium and cardiac valves?
endocarditis
26
What are examples of non bacterial (noninfectious) endocarditis
non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis, rheumatic fever and systemic lupus erythematosis
27
What causes infectious endocarditis?
Virtually any infectious agent including "opportunistic infections?
28
What is an acute, systemic, post-streptococcal inflammatory disease that affects joints, serosa, skin, CNS< blood vessels with greatest effects on the heart?
Rheumatic fever (RF) - greatest effects on heart= rheumatic heart disease - then next is lung
29
What is rheumatic fever caused from?
strep throat
30
What organ is affected in about 50-75% of childhood onset cases of rheumatic fever and in about 35% when the first acute episode in rheumatic fever occurs in adults?
the heart -most commonly all layers of this organ pancarditis
31
What are small pathognomonic inflammatory lesions that commonly appear in the hart during acute phase?
Aschoff bodies -pathoognomonic: virtually diagnostic
32
What is common in pericarditis?
Fibrinous exudates -bread and butter pericarditis associated with rheumatic fever
33
What are common lesion sites rheumatic fever?
Heart, joints (hot and tender) | CNS (sydenham's chorea), skin
34
What does an increased ESR level indicate?
Means an inflammation is occurring in the body
35
What is associated with Libmans Sachs endocarditis?
Systemic Lupus erythmatosis -butterfly rash
36
What virulent organisms may infect heart valves and endocardium in acute bacterial endocarditis?
Streptococcus pyogenes or staphylococcus areus
37
What is mitral stenosis commonly caused by? Major cause of endocarditis
Rheumatic fever | -contributes to atrial dilation and pulmonary hypertensions
38
What disease has diseased valves that may fail to open fully (stenosis) or to close (regurgitation)?
Acquired valve disease
39
What is associated with floppy valve syndrome?
Mitral valve prolapse
40
What is the second most common valvular disorder?
Mitral valve prolapse (floppy mitral valve) | -usually asymptomatic
41
What is the most common valve abnormality?
Aortic stenosis
42
What is associated with tertiary syphilis?
Syphilitic heart disease -generally related to chronic inflammation and scaring of small arteries ("endarteritis obliterans")
43
What is the vasa vasorum?
Vessels that supplies the vessels
44
Who is aortitis?
Inflammation of aorta | -affects ascending aorta predominantly
45
What is the most common cause of thoracic aorta aneurysm?
Proximal aortic aneurysm
46
What is empyema?
Pus in pleural space
47
What is associated with large left ventricle (left ventricular hypertrophy)?
Cor bovinum -aneurysmal dialattion of proximal aorta that often causes (aortic) valvular insufficency and massive enlargement of left ventricle
48
What causes suppurative pericarditis?
Accumulation of pus within pericardium
49
What causes caseous pericarditis?
Thick bulky accumulations | -tuberculosis invades pericardium to cause this
50
What is associated with CHF and hypoprotenemia?
Hydropericardium
51
What is associated with lymphatic obstruction and milky fluid accumulation?
Chylous pericardium
52
What is haemorrhage into pericardium called ?
Hemopericardium
53
What is associated with sense fibrous or calcific scars?
Constrictive pericarditis
54
What WBC is more common in bacterial infections?
Neutrophils
55
What WBC is more common in parasite infections?
Eosinophil
56
What is most common in first stage of inflammation?
Neutrophils | -neutrophils-->monocytes-->macrophages
57
What is the general term for any inflammatory process of myocardium?
myocarditis
58
What are common types of myocaditis?
myocarditis in upper respiratory tract
59
What is heart muscle disease?
Cardiomyopathy - idiopathic - considered to be primary heart muscle disease of undetermined origin
60
What is associated with adhesive mediastinal pericarditis and constrictive pericarditis?
Chronic constrictive pericarditis
61
What chamber of the heart is most commonly infected by congestive heart failure?
Left ventrical
62
What causes right ventricular heart failure?
Angina
63
What is the street name for myocardial infarction?
heart attack
64
FYI HE SAID IN CLASS MAY NOT BE TESTED What is the most common type of cardiomyopathy?
congestive cardiomyopathy | -associated with loss of contractility

Pathology 2 (3 decks)

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