Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diseases > Heart diseases > Flashcards

Heart diseases Flashcards

(44 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the factors that cause artherosclerosis??

A

Causes:

  • HBP
  • High cholesterol and triglycerides
  • smoking
  • diabetes/obesity
  • hypertension
  • hereditary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does artherosclerosis develop?

A

It develops by plaque (fats,cholesterol, and other substances) build up in the arteries. It decreases the lumen of the effected vessel which restricts the flow of blood through the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can artherosclerosis lead to Coronary artery disease??

A

Artherosclerosis narrows the arteries close to your heart with plaque creating blood clots and it can end up into the heart which may develop coronary disease which can cause chest pain (angina).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Inadequate blood supply (circulation) to a local area due to blockage of the blood vessels supplying the area. Ischemic means that the heart is not getting enough blood and oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

When blood flow to the heart muscle is completely blocked, the myocardial tissue die due to anoxia, result in necrosis of myocardial cells (permanent damage)

  • tissue ischemia to point of injury/necrosis
  • Damage is irreversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

A condition marked by severe pain in the chest; often also spreading to the shoulders,arms and neck, caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between angina pectoris and MI??

A

Angina occurs when the heart muscle is not receiving enough blood to the myocardium decreasing oxygen to the heart causing a chest pain
As for an MI is more of a medical emergency an outcome of destruction or death of myocardial cells a prolonged ischemia causing thrombus formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three zones of damage seen in an MI?

A
  • zone of ischemia: oxygen deprived; functioning erratically, source of arrhythmias causing ST segment depression w/ or w/out T wave inversion —> altered repolarization
  • zone of injury: injured but not necrotic; nonfunctional but hopefully salvageable with treatment; causes ST segment elevation w/ or w/out Loss of R wave
  • Zone of infarction: causes deep Q waves as a result of a sense of depolarization current from necrotic tissue and receding current from opposite side of heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes an MI?

A

70-75% clot formation on an artherosclerotic plaque

Occlusion of a coronary artery by an embolus(valve damage)

Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque on a coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which part of the heart are infarctions likely to occur??

A

They are likely to occur in the coronary arteries which they supply oxygenated blood and when there’s a blockage and not enough oxygen the myocardial cells start dying.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the body try to compensate for coronary ischemia??

A

The body’s hormone and nervous system try to make up for this by increasing BP, retaining salt, and water and increasing heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is an MI initially treated and then how it is treated after the patient has been stabilized?

A

An immediate treatment is Mona ( morphine,oxygen, nitroglycerine, and ASA). Once stabilize they can do a balloon angioplasty, stent angioplasty and a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

PVC arrhythmia

A

PVC are extra heartbeats that start in one of the ventricles. Ischemia makes ventricles irritable increases automaticity. It is a wasted beat no effective output …usually bigger and wiser than normal QRS, more than one shape, couplet pvc occurs in pairs

Treatment: O2, beta blockers , ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vtach arrhythmia

A

3 or more consecutive pvc’s or may be continuous

Patient will often loose consciousness:
No effective output
CPR and defibrillation

Treatment: O2, anti-arrhythmic (lidocaine, procainamide, amiodorone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

VFIB arrhythmia

A 
Multiple irritable foco in the ventricles 
Results in a chaotic electrical activity
Ventricle quivers does not contract 
No effective cardiac output
Form of cardiac arrest 
CPR and rapid defibrillation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does CHF develop after an MI?

A

Failure to the heart to pump adequate amount of blood to the tissues post an MI the cardiovascular tries to maintain adequate blood flow by:

  • increase in heart rate
  • increase in systemic vascular resistance
  • fluid retention (done by the kidney) this is the problem and develops CHF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CHF Fluid retention

A

Decreases blood flow to kidney causes:

  • release of renin
  • renin converted to angiotensin (1,then 2)
  • angiotensin 2 causes the adrenals to secrete aldosterone which causes the retention of na+—> water follows na+
  • k+ gets release —> fluid volume increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the CHF manifestations?

Study These Flashcards
A 
Manifestations:
-ventricular hypertrophy 
-edema 
   •systemic-> swollen feet & ankles
   •pulmonary-> wet lung sounds & gurgling
-SOB with exertion or at rest
-hypoxia & Cyanosis
-hypernatremia & hypokalemia
19
Q

What are some treatments for CHF?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • oxygen-> NPPV for respiratory distress
  • Diuretics
  • ACE inhibitor
  • Beta-blocker
  • Inotropic drugs
  • lifestyles
20
Q

What is cardiogenic shock and what are it’s manifestations??

Study These Flashcards
A

Is when the heart can not maintain cardiac put out for tissue perfusion…can’t sustain life

manifestations:
- severely low BP
- severe SOB, rapid breathing
- sudden tachypnea
- weak pulse
- sweating

21
Q

What are some of the treatments for cardiogenic shock??

Study These Flashcards
A
  • oxygen (ventilator)
  • medication
  • surgical repair (chambers,valves,vessels)
  • intra-aortic ballon pump
  • ventricular assist device
  • heart transplant
22
Q

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Study These Flashcards
A

It is cause by an embryonic anomaly. The lesion is a hole in the septum between the right and left atria. The manifestation is a murmur and heart failure( late)

Patent foramen ovale

Treatment: surgery

23
Q

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Study These Flashcards
A

Cause by an embryonic anomaly. Lesión in a hole in the septum between right and left ventricles
Manifestations will be a murmur and heart failure

24
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Study These Flashcards
A

Is persistent opening between the two major blood vessels leading from the heart. The opening called the ductus arteriosus is a normal part of a baby’s circulatory system before birth that usually closes shortly after birth. Failure to do so higher BP in aorta , lower blood pressure in pulmonary artery -blood flows backward into pulmonary artery . Treatment O2, anti-inflammatories, surgery

25
Tetralogy of fallout
Cause by embryonic anomaly, lesions are overriding aorta pulmonary stenosis ventricular septal defect and right ventricular hypertrophy and the manifestations include murmurs cyanosis retarded body growth and heart failure
26
Coarctation of the aorta
Cause by embryonic anomaly and lesion is by stenosis of descending thoracic aorta and the manifestations are decreased femoral pulse, hypertension in upper extremity, murmur, and heart failure (late)
27
Rheumatic heart disease
Causative organism strep infection. chronic rheumatic heart disease, patients develop mitral valve stenosis with varying degrees of regurgitation, atrial dilation, arrhythmias, and ventricular dysfunction.
28
Which heart valves are commonly affected in rheumatic heart disease?
Vegetation’s form on valves ( mitral 1) which lies between two chambers of the left side of the heart. The damage can cause valve stenosis reducing or blocking blood flow from heart into main artery. Valve regurgitation leaking heart valves (valves don’t close tightly)slowing blood flow backward into the atrium during systole and cause damage to the muscle. Left Atrial hypertrophy
29
Which valves are commonly affected in endocarditis?
Can damage or destroy valves it leads to vegetation forming on valves mitral and aortic which stenosis insufficiency can be cause. It can extend to the atrial wall and chord tindinae. Emboli petechiae due to rupture of capillaries, hematuria
30
How are endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease treated??
Endocarditis immediate and extensive antimicrobial treatment of extensive damage surgical intervention may occur. Rheumatic will need daily antibiotics
31
What are the two general types of anemia??
Iron deficiency-> not enough iron in the body vitamin deficiency-> low levels of vitamin B12 or folic acid
32
What are the general signs and symptoms of anemia??
Symptoms are fatigued decrease tolerance for exercise, dyspnea & palpitations one major sign is pallor
33
Describe the pathology of pernicious anemia and it’s treatment??
Is a condition in which vitamin B12 can not be absorbed in the GI tract or deficiency in a protein called intrinsic factor which is produce in the stomach and is essential for absorption of B12 in the intestine without both membranes immature RBC rupture easily within the blood. Treatments: b12 injections Positive schilling test
34
What are the causes of iron deficiency anemia??
Excessive blood loss, menstruation, pregnancy and rapid growth during adolescences, and poor dietary intake
35
List example of hemolytic anemia’s?
Is a reduction in circulating RBC that is caused by accelerated destruction of RBC. Some examples of hemolytic anemia are thalassemia,, low levels of enzymes such as glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
36
List signs and symptoms associated with hemolytic anemia’s
SOB, early fatigue, pallor, enlarge spleen, increase of bilirubin levels , increase reticulocytes, organ dysfunction
37
What is primary polycythemia
A genetic Abnormality of the cells in the bone marrow which makes an overproduction of RBC. ( RBC will be high -but will have low level of erythropoietin) Treatments: analgesics, medications to decrease viscosity, and antihistamines
38
What is secondary polycythemia?
Is an elevated absolute red blood cell mass caused by enhanced stimulation of RBC production (excess of hormone erythropoietin) causing blood to thicken and increasing the risk of a stroke. Other condition is causing your body to produce to many RBC ex: sleep apnea heart disease enhancement drugs, high altitude (Increase RBC + increase of Erythropoietin) Treatment: low dose aspirin, phlebotomy or venesection
39
What is the primary abnormality in hemophilia and what are the manifestations and treatments??
Is an inherited x linked recessive disorder transmitted form mother to son. It is cause by missing or defective factor 8 a clotting protein. Manifest: mild-severe bleeding(GI tract, joints, under the skin) inflammation, intracranial hemorrhage, platelets usually ok Treatments: administer missing clotting factor, chronic replacement of factor eight, synthetic hormone (desmopressin)
40
What is the primary abnormality in thrombocytopenia púrpura?manifestations and treatments??
An abnormally small number of circulating platelet count less than 60,000 and púrpura will appear and when markedly depresses pallets count is associate with spontaneous bleeding small petechiae also appear. -prolonged bleeding from minor and major trauma, spontaneous bleeding from mucous membranes of mouth and internal organs, excessive menstrual bleeding. Treatments: corticosteroid(decrease destruction) splenectomy, packed RBC w platelets.
41
Describe leukemia??
-several types of malignant neoplasms of WBC which differentiate &spread diffusely in the bone marrow. (Acute myelogenous, acute lymphoblastic, chronic lymphoblastic, chronic myelogenous) acute: cells poorly differentiated and rapid course Chronic: well differentiated cells and a slow course Abnormal cells: myelogenous if abnormal WBC are PMN, lymphocytic if abnormal WBC are lymphocytes Increase production of useless WBC and decrease production of RBC and platelets
42
What are leukemia’s manifestations and treatments??
Chemotherapy and radiation and bone marrow transplant Systemic: weight loss, fever and frequent infections Skin: night sweats, easy bleeding, purplish patches or spots
43
What is the abnormal cell seen in Hoskins lymphoma and how is it treated??
Is a large malignant B cell, multi lines nucleus prominent nuclei reed ste berg cell( has owl nuclei eyes) Treatment will be aggressive radiation and or chemotherapy
44
What does mycrocytic and hypochromic mean??
Microcytic- small RBC Hypochromic- pale They both can indicate it’s a case of iron deficiency anemia

Cardiovascular Diseases (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions