Heart- gross

Question 1

Know the heart, inside and out.

Answer 1

Deal

Question 2

What does the ligamentum arteriosum connect?

Answer 2

The left pulmonary artery and arch of the aorta

Question 3

Where does the ligamentum arteriosum come from?

Answer 3

It is a remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus

Question 4

What is the flow of blood into the heart and out to the body?

Answer 4

Into SVC, IVC and coronary– Right Atrium–Right ventricle–Pulmonary trunk–Pulmonary arteries–lungs–pulmonary veins– Left atrium–Left ventricle–Aorta–out to body

Question 5

Just know the anatomy of the heart

Answer 5

ok

Question 6

How do heart valves work?

Answer 6

Blood fills atria, putting pressure against atrioventricular valves and then they’re forced open.
As ventricles fill atrioventricular valves hang limply into ventricles, then the atria contract, forcing the remainder of the blood into the ventricles
Then ventricles contract, forcing blood against atrioventricular valve cusps, forcing them close
Then the papillary muscles contract and chordae tendinaea tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria.
As ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed against semilunar valves, forcing them open.
As ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from the arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close

Question 7

What are the two types of valve problems?

Answer 7

Incompetence

Stenosis

Question 8

Just know the heart anatomy inside and out

Answer 8

okay

Question 9

The auscultation points correspond with what?

Answer 9

The different valves

Question 10

What does the heart have to ensure blood supply and drainage of the heart even if major vessels are occluded?

Answer 10

Collateral routes

Question 11

The coronary sinus opens into where?

Answer 11

The right atrium

Question 12

The coronary sinus runs within what?

Answer 12

The coronary sulcus

Question 13

What contributes to the coronary sinus?

Answer 13

Great, middle, and small cardiac veins

Question 14

What does the great cardiac vein travel with and where does it empty to?

Answer 14

travels with the anterior IV artery in the anterior IV sulcus and empties into the coronary sinus posteriorly

Question 15

The anterior cardiac veins pass superficial/deep to the right coronary artery.

Answer 15

superficial

Question 16

Where do the anterior cardiac veins empty into?

Answer 16

directly into the right atrium, not the coronary sinus

Question 17

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

Answer 17

Right marginal branch
Posterior IV artery (terminal branch)
Anterior Right atrial branch- sinuatrial nodal branch

Question 18

The left coronary artery immediately divides into what two arteries?

Answer 18

Anterior interventricular artery

Circumflex artery- left marginal branch

Question 19

T/F one coronary artery is often more dominant than the other one?

Answer 19

Truth!

Question 20

The dominant coronary artery gives off what?

Answer 20

The posterior IV artery

Question 21

The right coronary artery is dominant ___% of the time

Answer 21

65%

Question 22

The left coronary artery is dominant __% of the time.

Answer 22

15%

Question 23

There is a balanced arterial pattern ___% of the the time

Answer 23

20%

Question 24

Occlusion of a major coronary artery leads to inadequate oxygenation of an area of what and causes what?

Answer 24

area of the myocardium and causes cell death

Question 25

When does a heart attack occur?

Answer 25

when the perfusion to the myocardium is insufficient to meet the metabolic needs of the tissue

Question 26

If someone needs a coronary bypass, what vein is often used?

Answer 26

The great saphenous vein- harvested from the anterior/medial region of the thigh or leg

Question 27

What else can be used as a coronary bypass?

Answer 27

The internal thoracic or radial arteries

Question 28

T/F the heart has the ability to maintain its conduction system without CNS innervation?

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Does the ANS affect heartbeat rate?

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

Sympathetic innervation from what levels causes the heart rate to do what?

Answer 30

T1-T5 causes the heart rate to increase

Question 31

Parasympathetic innervation from what causes the heart rate to do what?

Answer 31

Vagus causes heart rate to decrease

Question 32

T/F both SNS and PNS contribute to both superficial and deep cardiac plexuses of nerves?

Answer 32

True

Question 33

The superficial cardiac plexus is found where?

Answer 33

around the arch of the aorta

Question 34

The deep cardiac plexus is found where?

Answer 34

it lies on and around the bifurcation of the trachea

Question 35

Which node is the pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 35

The sinoatrial node

Question 36

What does the SA node do?

Answer 36

It initiates and regulates impulses

Question 37

What is the result of damage to the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?

Answer 37

cardiac arrhythmias

Question 38

If the AV node is damaged, what happens?

Answer 38

Uncoordinated contractions- called heart block. A pacemaker can be inserted to control the contractions

Question 39

Tell me about the placement of a pacemaker.

Answer 39

Battery pack is placed subcutaneously below clavicle Electrode is threaded down through the SVC to the right atrium, passed through the AV valve and into the right ventricle The electrode terminal is firmly fixed to trabeculae carneae and placed in contact with endocardium of the ventricular wall

Question 40

What muscles connect via the chordae tendinae to the valves of the heart?

Answer 40

The papillary muscles

Question 41

The fossa ovalis used to be...?

Answer 41

foramen ovale

Question 42

T/F- The papillary muscles are specialization of the myocardium.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What is the largest papillary muscle in the right ventricle?

Answer 43

The anterior papillary muscle

Question 44

The coronary sinus is located on what side of the heart?

Answer 44

The posterior side

Question 45

The right and left coronary arteries are found where and get their blood from what?

Answer 45

They are found just above the right and left aortic sinuses. They get their blood from the aorta as blood is pumped out through the body

Question 46

What is the roughened muscular wall of the wall of the atrium made of/called?

Answer 46

pectinate muscle