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airways part 2 RTH 121 > Heart, leads, sinus rhythm > Flashcards

Heart, leads, sinus rhythm Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

initiate and conduct impulse. the hearts wiring is called?

A

electrical cells

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2
Q

contract in response to electrical stimulation; pumping action is called?

A

mechanical cells

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3
Q

if the heart is in a resting or polarized (poolarized) state how would the cardiac cell look?

A

positive (+) on the outside

negative (-) on the inside

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4
Q

if a cardiac cell is depolarized how would the cell look?

A

negative (-) on the outside
positive (+) on the inside
we see this first as a P-wave on ECG monitor

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5
Q

how would the cardiac cell look in the recovery state called repolarization?

A

positive on the outside

negative on the inside

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6
Q

what is the dominant controller or pacemaker of conduction system?

A

SA node

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7
Q

the SA node pumps a normal range of ______ bpm?

A

60-100

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8
Q

the AV node pumps at _____ bpm?

A

40-60

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9
Q

the ventricle (purkinje fibers) pumps at _____bpm?

A

20-40

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10
Q

when the upper pacemaker fails the next in line will step in is known as the______?

A

escape mechanism

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11
Q

clump of heart cells become irritable and take over the SA node is called?

A

irritability mechanism

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12
Q

the heart is influenced by autonomic nervous system called _____ and ______?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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13
Q

increased irritability, increased rate, increased force of contraction is what autonomic system?

A

sympathetic

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14
Q

decreased irritability, decreased HR, decreased force of contraction is what autonomic system?

A

parasympathetic

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15
Q

______ stimulation of the heart must occur before mechanical contraction, but electrical activity can occur without _______ contraction?

A

electrical

mechanical

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16
Q

how do we asses mechanical activity?

A

pulse, BP, cardiac output

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17
Q

how do we asses electrical activity?

A

electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor

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18
Q

electrical activity travel form the base to the _____ in a natural direction called a vector, which would start in the atria and move to the ________?

A

apex

ventricle

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19
Q

The “Key” electrode is the positive, negative, or ground lead?

A

positive electrode

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20
Q

if the current is heading toward the positive electrode this will produce a ____ deflection on the oscilloscope ?

A

upward (+)

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21
Q

if the current is heading away from positive electrode this will produce a _____ deflection on the oscilloscope?

A

downward (-)

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22
Q

why do we not use only one pattern of leads?

A

different arrangements give different view of the heart

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23
Q

right arm (-) left arm (+) what limb lead?

A

lead 1

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24
Q

right arm (-) left leg (+) what limb lead?

A

lead 2

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25
left arm (-) left leg (+) what limb lead?
lead 3
26
hint right arm is always (-) left leg always (+) that leaves left arm with a (-) and a (+) !!!
do the motions and talk it out !!!
27
what lead is the vector? most common monitoring lead or viewpoint
lead 2
28
you put all the lead together this makes a _______ triangle?
Einthoven
29
_____ leads are created by making a single limb positive and all other limbs negative (6 limb leads total)
augmented leads
30
offer vertical and horizontal views of the heart (12 limb leads) is known as?
precordial leads
31
what limb leads can tell if myocardial infarction and where MI is located?
precordial leads
32
true or false? pregeled electrodes can use both contact gel and KY
false only contact gel
33
friction of electrode wires with sheets and bedrails, loose connections, muscle movement can cause what?
artifacts
34
lead colors green is ___ white is ____ black is _____
ground negative positive (more test come up positive!!!)
35
what is the paper speed in a ECG recorder?
25mm/sec
36
Millivolt (Mv) is on the __ axis?
y-axis (vertical)
37
time is on the ___ axis?
x-axis ( horizontal)
38
tic marks are made on the ECG paper every ___ seconds?
3
39
on the y-axis 1 MV = ___ large boxes or 10mm ___ small boxes?
2 large boxes or | 10 small boxes
40
on the x-axis (time) how many large boxes = 1 second?
5 large boxes = 1 sec
41
30 large boxes would = how many seconds?
6 seconds
42
if we want to find out the _____ count the R-R in 6 seconds X 10
heart rate
43
1 small box = ___ mm
1 mm
44
1 small box = ___ seconds
0.04 sec
45
one large box = __ mm
5 mm
46
one large box = __ seconds
0.20 sec
47
what wave represents the depolarization of the right and left atria
P- wave
48
the P-wave is ___ to ___ mm in amplitude?
0.5 to 2.5 mm
49
the P-wave should be no more than ____ seconds in duration?
0.11 seconds
50
the area from the end of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex is known as the what?
PR segment
51
remember PR "segments" isoelectric or a
flat line
52
___ segment represents a delay in conduction through the AV junction spread through the bundle of his and purkinjie fibers before contraction?
P-segment
53
The P-wave added to the PR segment is called the ______?
PR interval
54
begins with the onset of the P wave and ends with the onset of the QRS complex?
PR interval
55
The PR interval measures ___ to ___ seconds?
0.12 to 0.20 seconds
56
a long PR interval > 0.20 seconds indicates delay to long through AV junction. < 0.12 seconds indicate impulse originates at the ___ junction?
AV junction
57
The QRS complex represents ______ depolarization ?
ventricular
58
Q wave is the first (-) deflection and represents depolarization of the ________ septum?
interventricular
59
The R and S wave represents depolarization of the right and left ______?
ventricles
60
what is the normal duration of the QRS complex?
0.06 to 0.10 seconds for simplicity anything < 0.12 is normal
61
A QRS > 0.12 is a partial or incomplete bundle branch ______?
block
62
ventricular repolarization after the QRS happens in the isoelectric or flat portion of the ____ segment ?
ST segment
63
ventricular repolarization after the S wave and before the T wave is known as the _____ segment?
ST segment
64
an ST segment depression is suggestive of myocardial ______?
ischemia
65
a more than 1 to 2 mm elevation in ST segment is suggestive of an acute myocardial _______?
infarction
66
ventricular repolarization is represented by the ___ wave?
T wave
67
the absolute refractory period is present during the _____ of the T wave?
beginning ( you want you absolute vodka first)
68
At the peak of the T wave the _____ refractory period has begun?
relative ( have the vodka first cause your relatives are peaking you nerves )
69
the normal T wave is not higher than __ mm in amplitude ?
5mm
70
an inverted T wave my represent myocardial ____?
ischemia
71
a peak in the T wave are commonly seen in patients with _______?
hyperkalemia
72
``` rate- 60-100 bpm rhythm- P-P and R-R regular P wave- positive (up right) PR interval - 0.12 to 0.20 seconds QRS < 0.10 seconds this is known as what kind of rhythm? ```
sinus rhythm
73
SA node fires at slower rate than normal is known as what rhythm?
sinus bradycardia
74
rate- < 0.10 seconds ST segment- depression this is known as what kind of rhythm?
sinus bradycardia
75
the normal heartbeat is the result of an electrical impulse that starts in the SA node is known as what kind of rhythm?
sinus rhythm
76
this rhythm occurs during sleep, in well conditioned athletes?
sinus bradycardia
77
If the SA node fires faster than normal what sinus rhythm is this?
sinus tachycardia
78
``` rate-101-180 bpm rhythm- P-P and R-R regular P wave- positive (upright) PR interval - 0.12 to 0.20 seconds QRS- ```
sinus tachycardia
79
A very fast rate may be hard to tell difference between P wave and T wave?
sinus tachycardia
80
the SA node fires irregularly is know as what sinus rhythm?
sinus arrhythmia
81
associated with the phases of respiration and changes in intrathoracic pressure is known as ?
respiratory sinus arrhythmia
82
what sinus arrhythmia is not related to the respiratory cycle?
non respiratory sinus arrhythmia
83
``` rate- 60-100 bpm may be slower or faster rhythm- irregular phasic with respiration. heart rate increase with inspiration (R-R shorten) heart rate decreases with expiration ( R-R lengthen) P wave- positive (upright) PR interval- 0.12 to 0.20 seconds QRS- ```
sinus arrhythmia
84
how do we treat sinus bradycardia?
- oxygen - Iv - atropine
85
what medications cause sinus bradycardia?
- calcium blockers - amiodarone - digitalis -sotalol - beta blockers
86
what medications cause sinus tachycardia?
- epinephrine - atropine - dopamine - dobutamine
87
- vagal stimulation - hypothermia - increased ICP - post heart transplant - hypothyroidism - OSA
causes of sinus bradycardia
88
treatment for sinus tachycardia?
- fluid replacement - pain relief - removal of offending medications - reducing fever or anxiety
89
- exercise -dehydration - fever -pulmonary emboli - pain -caffeine - fear/anxiety -nicotine - infection -cocaine - shock
causes of sinus tachycardia
90
what causes sinus arrhythmia In respiratory?
phases of respiration and changes in intrathoracic pressure commonly seen in children and adults < 30 years
91
what causes non- respiratory sinus arrhythmia?
- seen in older individuals with heart disease - common after MI - Increased ICP - medications- digitalis - morphine
92
what treatment would we use for sinus arrhythmia?
doesn't require treatment unless slow rate causes hemodynamic compromise; in that case treat with IV atropine

airways part 2 RTH 121 (3 decks)

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